sesiapa yang ingin menghafal Hadith hendaklah ia kerap memakan anggur kering”
-Imam Zuhdi.

Pada riwayat lain dari Abi Ja’far At-thusi disebutkan bahwa kismis dapat menghilangkan lendir dan menyihatkan jiwa”.

InsyaAllah boleh membantu meningkatkan kecerdasan minda yang lemah dan pelupa. Digalakkan untuk mereka yang menghafal Al-Quran dan untuk pencapaian cemerlang dalam pelajaran.

Khasiat :
1. menguatkan daya ingatan
2. mengubati penyakit lupa
3. mencerdaskan minda
4. memutuskan balgham
5. membersihkan hati
6. mencerahkan mata

Kismis adalah buah anggur yang dikeringkan. Penggunaan kismis (vitis vinifera) dalam pelbagai tradisi dan budaya mungkin berbeza di antara satu sama lain. Namanya juga berbeza di antara pelbagai budaya dan bahasa. Ia boleh dimakan mentah mahupun digunakan dalam masakan dan pembuatan kek. Kismis sangat manis disebabkan kepekatan gula yang tinggi dan sekiranya ia disimpan terlalu lama, maka gulanya akan membentuk kristal di dalam buahnya. Ini menyebabkan buahnya mengecut tetapi tidak menjejaskan kegunaanya.

Sebanyak 60% berat kismis terdiri daripada gula, di mana separuh darinya adalah fruktosa dan separuh lagi adalah glukosa. Kismis sangat tinggi kandungan antioksidannya berbanding buah prune dan aprikot.
Kismis telah lama digunakan sebagai sumber diet bagi mendapatkan asid lemak perlu dan tokoferol sebagai antioksidan.

Nama-nama bagi kismis:
Inggeris –> Grape seed / Raisin
Arab –> Zabib
Melayu –> Kismis
Saintifik/latin –> Vitis vinifera

Khasiat dan Kegunaan Kismis:
1. Melindungi hati.
2. Memperbaiki sirkulasi (termasuk bagi kondisi seperti varicose veins, bengkak, lebam (bruise) dan kabur pandangan).
3. Melawaskan pembuangan air besar.
4. Memperbaiki tone dan keanjalan kulit
5. Membantu pelajar meningkatkan memori dan hafalan (tradisi perubatan Islam).
6. Melawan bakteria mulut (oral bacteria) yang menyebabkan pereputan gigi.

Keajaiban khasiat kismis

Apabila ditanya apakah snek makanan ringan untuk kanak-kanak, jawapan yang biasa diterima adalah makanan seperti keropok, ais krim, gula-gula, lolipop, kerepek ubi kentang dan jeruk.

Walaupun sedar pelbagai kesan sampingan yang negatif terkandung dalam makanan ringan tersebut terutama penggunaan monosodium glutamate (MSG), gula dan pengawet yang tinggi, masih ramai ibu bapa tetap mengamalkan diet makanan ini.

Apa kata mulai hari ini, anda cuba ubah persepsi terhadap snek makanan iaitu menggantikannya dengan bahan makanan yang lebih berkhasiat.

Kismis adalah salah satu alternatif bahan makanan yang wajar dijadikan snek makanan kepada anak-anak. Justeru, anda perlu mengubah persepsi bahawa kismis hanya bahan makanan yang dimakan sewaktu menjelang peperiksaan, majlis keramaian tertentu atau dimasukkan ke dalam roti atau kek.

Menurut Pakar Pembangunan Kanak-Kanak di sebuah hospital tempatan, Ruth Liew, ramai yang semakin lupa bahawa, kismis mempunyai kandungan gula daripada buah yang asli. Ia mampu memberi tenaga yang konsisten kepada kanak-kanak.

“Memang gula-gula mampu memberi tenaga yang lebih, tetapi ia akan menyebabkan kanak-kanak menjadi hiper dan menjadi lemah apabila kandungan gula itu mula merosot.

“Berlainan dengan kismis, dengan kismis, kanak-kanak akan dapat tenaga yang seimbang dan menyihatkan badan.

“Ia juga makanan ringan yang lebih baik daripada gula-gula. Gula-gula boleh meninggalkan kesan kerosakan pada gigi kanak-kanak dan tenaga yang diperoleh juga tidak sekata,” jelas Ruth pada satu sesi penerangan tentang kebaikan kismis kepada media di Kuala Lumpur baru-baru ini.

Katanya, kanak-kanak masa kini tidak lagi gemar dengan makanan yang terlalu pelbagai, sebaliknya mereka lebih gemar makanan yang lebih santai. Oleh kerana itu, ibu bapa perlu menjadikan kismis sebagai snek makanan ringan untuk anak-anak yang masih bersekolah.

Tambah Ruth, untuk menjadikan kismis sebagai snek ringan kepada anak-anak, ibu bapa perlu memainkan peranan.

Bagi kanak-kanak atau golongan remaja yang sudah biasa atau gemar menikmati kismis begitu sahaja, ia bukan satu masalah lagi kepada ibu bapa.

“Bila mereka tengok TV, jangan bagi mereka kuaci atau keropok sebaliknya beri mereka kismis. Bekalkan juga kismis ketika ke sekolah,” katanya.

Namun, jika ada yang tidak gemar menikmati kismis dalam bentuk mentah, ia boleh dicampur dalam pelbagai hidangan lain dengan cara mempelbagaikan makanan yang dicampur dengan kismis dalam hidangan waktu pagi, petang dan malam.

“Mereka mungkin tidak akan memilih kismis, tetapi ibu bapa perlu tahu khasiatnya. Terus beri galakan kepada anak-anak dengan mempelbagaikan masakan.

“Anda boleh campur kismis ke dalam bubur, sup, atau sayur-sayuran yang biasa dimakan anak-anak,” kata Ruth yang mengakui ia juga boleh diamalkan dalam diet orang dewasa.

Ruth yang menerima reaksi daripada ibu bapa yang memberi kismis kepada anak-anak juga memberitahu, hasil yang diperoleh amat positif.

“Ada ibu bapa mula mempelbagaikan cara pemakanan dan ada juga yang memberi kismis seperti memakan vitamin setiap hari.

“Malah, ada juga anak-anak yang gembira dengan amalan makanan anggur kering itu,” jelas Ruth yang turut mengamalkan memakan kismis sejak kecil lagi.

Dalam Islam, kismis sudah lama disaran untuk pemakanan kanak-kanak kerana ia adalah makanan tambahan yang mampu merangsang minda dalam melahirkan generasi genius.

Menyedari kebaikan kismis dan kemampuannya menjadi snek dalam makanan kanak-kanak, masyarakat Barat turut mula mengambilnya dalam diet mereka.

Penelitian Christine D.Wu dari Universiti Illinois, Chicago, Amerika Syarikat mendapati kismis mengandungi antioksidan yang dapat melawan bakteria penyebab kerosakan gigi dan gusi.

Antara antioksidan itu adalah asid oleanolic, oleanolic aldehyde, betulin, asid betulin dan 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural.

PENCUCI mulut daripada kismis.

Asid oleanolic mampu menghambat pertumbuhan dua spesies bakteria penghuni mulut iaitu streptoccus mutan, penyebab plak dan kerosakan gigi serta porphyromonas gingivalis, penyebab penyakit periodontal.

Sementara itu, pakar pemakanan dari sebuah hospital swasta, Tan Yen Sing, berkata, kajian juga mendapati kismis yang kaya dengan potassium dan rendah dalam sodium membantu mengurangkan tekanan darah tinggi.

“Malah, khasiat daripada kismis juga boleh mengurangkan risiko strok dan melemahkan perkembangan penyakit-penyakit organ dalam badan.

Selain itu juga, kismis mengandungi fiber dan asid tartaric. Ia juga baik untuk kesihatan tulang dalam badan anda.

Katanya, kismis mempunyai banyak khasiat pemakanan, serat, antioksidan, vitamin dan kalium yang merupakan nutrien penting untuk badan.

“Saya menafikan memakan kismis akan membuatkan anda gemuk. Ia adalah mitos. Ini kerana, manis yang ada pada kismis adalah manis buah-buahan yang asli.

“Ia juga mudah untuk dibawa dan boleh dipelbagaikan dalam masakan seisi keluarga,” ujar Tan Yen Sing.

Process Engineering Term - T

TANK BATTERY - A group of tanks at a well site used to store oil prior to sale to a pipeline company.

TESTING - When each new well is competed, a series of tests are run on the well. The various tests are used to estimate the daily deliverability, payout, and reserves.

TIGHT HOLE - A drilling well about which all information - depth, formations encountered, drilling rate, logs - is kept secret by the operator.

TOTAL DEPTH (T.D.) - The depth of a well when drilling is completed. Total depth of a well is the vertical distance from the rig floor to the bottom of the hole. A 10,000-foot well may take 11,300 feet of casing to complete the well because the well bore has drifted several degrees from vertical, adding 1,300 feet to the depth of the hole, not the depth of the well.

TRAP - A type of geological structure that retards the free migration of oil and concentrates the oil in a limited space. A mass of porous, permeable rock that is sealed on top and down both flanks by nonporous, impermeable rock, thus forming a trap.

TUBING - Small diameter pipe which is installed in the casing. Oil is produced through tubing because it increases the viscosity of fluid and a well's flow capabilities.

TURNKEY CONTRACT - A contract in which an operator or drilling contractor agrees to furnish all labor and materials necessary to drill a well to a certain depth or stage of completion for a specified sum of money. The operator or contractor assumes all of the responsibility and risks involved in completing the operation.

TALLY - to measure and record the total length of pipe, casing, or tubing that is to be run in a well.

TAPER TAP - a tap with a gradually decreasing diameter from the top. It is used to retrieve a hollow fish such as a drill collar and is the male counterpart of a die collar. The taper tap is run into a hollow fish and rotated to cut enough threads to provide a firm grip and permit the fish to be pulled and recovered.

TAPERED BOWL - a fitting, usually divided into two halves, that crew members place inside the master bushing to hold the slips.

TAG - to touch an object downhole with the drill stem.

TAG LINE - in crane and truck operations, a rope attached to the bottom of a load suspended by the crane or truck, which, when grasped by a crew member, allows the crew member to prevent rotation and to assist in guiding the load.

TELESCOPING MAST - a portable mast that can be erected as a unit, usually by a tackle that hoists the wireline or by a hydraulic ram. The upper section of a telescoping mast is generally nested (telescoped) inside the lower section of the structure and raised to full height either by the wireline or by a hydraulic system.

TEMPERATURE LOG - a survey run in cased holes to locate the top of the cement in the annulus. Since cement generates a considerable amount of heat when setting, a temperature increase will be found at the level where cement is found behind the casing.

TEMPERATURE SURVEY - an operation used to determine temperatures at various depths in the wellbore. It is also used to determine the height of cement behind the casing and to locate the source of water influx into the wellbore.

TERTIARY RECOVERY - 1. the use of improved recovery methods that not only restore formation pressure but also improve oil displacement or fluid flow in the reservoir. 2. the use of any improved recovery method to remove additional oil after secondary recovery. Compare primary recovery, secondary recovery.

THERMAL RECOVERY - a type of improved recovery in which heat is introduced into a reservoir to lower the viscosity of heavy oils and to facilitate their flow into producing wells. The pay zone may be heated by injecting steam (steam drive) or by injecting air and burning a portion of the oil in place (in situ combustion).

THROW THE CHAIN - to jump the spinning chain up from a box end tool joint so that the chain wraps around the pin end tool joint after it is stabbed into the box. The stand or joint of drill pipe is turned or spun by a pull on the spinning chain from the cathead on the drawworks.

TIGHT FORMATION - a petroleum- or water-bearing formation of relatively low porosity and permeability.

TIGHT SAND - sand or sandstone formation with low permeability.

TIGHT SPOT - a section of a borehole in which excessive wall cake has built up, reducing the hole diameter and making it difficult to run the tools in and out. Compare keyseat.

TONGS - the large wrenches used for turning when making up or breaking out drill pipe, casing, tubing, or other pipe; variously called casing tongs, rotary tongs, and so forth according to the specific use. Power tongs or power wrenches are pneumatically or hydraulically operated tools that serve to spin the pipe up and, in some instances, to apply the final makeup torque.

TOOLPUSHER - an employee of a drilling contractor who is in charge of the entire drilling crew and the drilling rig. Also called a rig superintendent, drilling foreman, or rig supervisor.

TOP DRIVE - a device similar to a power swivel that is used in place of the rotary table to turn the drill stem.

TOP PLUG - a cement wiper plug that follows cement slurry down the casing. It goes before the drilling mud used to displace the cement from the casing and separates the mud from the slurry. See cementing, wiper plug.

TORQUE - the turning force that is applied to a shaft or other rotary mechanism to cause it to rotate or tend to do so. Torque is measured in foot-pounds, joules, newton-metres, and so forth.

TOTAL DEPTH (TD) - the maximum depth reached in a well.

TOUR - a working shift for drilling crew or other oilfield workers. Some tours are 8 hours; the three daily tours are called daylight, evening (or afternoon), and graveyard (or morning). 12-hour tours may also be used; they are called simply day tour and night tour.

TRACER - a substance added to reservoir fluids to permit the movements of the fluid to be followed or traced. Dyes and radioactive substances are used as tracers in underground water flows and sometimes helium is used in gas. When samples of the water or gas taken some distance from the point of injection reveal signs of the tracer, the route of the fluids can be mapped.

TRACER LOG - a survey that uses a radioactive tracer such as a gas, liquid, or solid having a high gamma ray emission. When the material is injected into any portion of the wellbore, the point of placement or movement can be recorded by a gamma ray instrument. The tracer log is used to determine channeling or the travel of squeezed cement behind a section of perforated casing.

TRAILER RIG - a rig mounted on a wheeled and towed trailer. It has a mast, a rotary, and one or two engines.

TRANSMISSION - the gear or chain arrangement by which power is transmitted from the prime mover to the drawworks, the mud pump, or the rotary table of a drilling rig.

TRAVELLING BLOCK - an arrangement of pulleys, or sheaves, through which drilling cable is reeved, which moves up or down in the derrick or mast.

TRAVELLING VALVE - one of the two valves in a sucker rod pumping system. It moves with the movement of the sucker rod string. On the upstroke, the ball member of the valve is seated, supporting the fluid load. On the downstroke, the ball is unseated, allowing fluid to enter into the production column. Compare standing valve.

TRIP - the operation of hoisting the drill stem from and returning it to the wellbore. v: to insert or remove the drill stem into or out of the hole. Shortened form of "make a trip."

TRIP IN - to go in the hole.

TRIP OUT - to come out of the hole.

TRIPPING - the operation of hoisting the drill stem out of and returning it into the wellbore.

TRUCK-MOUNTED RIG - a well-servicing and workover rig that is mounted on a truck chassis.

TUBING - relatively small-diameter pipe that is run into a well to serve as a conduit for the passage of oil and gas to the surface.

TUBING COUPLING - a special connector used to connect lengths of tubing.

TUBING HANGER - an arrangement of slips and packing rings used to suspend tubing from the tubing head.

TUBING HEAD - a flanged fitting that supports the tubing string, seals off pressure between the casing and the outside of the tubing, and provides a connection that supports the Christmas tree.

TUBING PUMP - a sucker rod pump in which the barrel is attached to the tubing.

TUBULAR GOODS - any kind of pipe. Oilfield tubular goods include tubing, casing, drill pipe, drill collars and line pipe. Also called tubulars.

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE - a fine, very hard, gray crystalline powder, a compound of tungsten and carbon. This compound is bonded with cobalt or nickel in cemented carbide compositions and used for cutting tools, abrasives, and dies.

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE BIT - a type of roller cone bit with inserts made of tungsten carbide. Also called tungsten carbide insert bit.

Process Engineering Term - S

SALES VALUE - The proceeds received for the sale of the mineral.

SALT WATER DISPOSAL WELL - Many wells produce salt water while producing oil. The disposal of this water is a problem to an operator because of pollution. The best solution to the problem is to pump the waste back into a formation that is deep enough not to pollute shallow water sands. Many stripper wells which are no longer commercial are converted for this purpose.

SATURATION - (1) The extent to which the pore space in a formation contains hydrocarbons or connate water. (2) The extent to which gas is dissolved in the liquid hydrocarbons in a formation.

SCOUT TICKETS - A written report of wells drilling in the area. The reports contain all pertinent information - all that can be found out by the enterprising oil scout; operator, location, lease, drilling contractor, depth of well, formations encountered, results of drillstem tests, logs, etc. On tight holes the scout is reduced to surreptitious means to get information. Talks to water hauler, to well-service people who may be talkative or landowner’s brother-in-law. The bird-dogging scout estimates the drillpipe set-backs for approximate depth; he notes the acid trucks or the shooting (perforating) crew; and through his binoculars, he judges the expressions on the operator’s face: happy or disgruntled.

SECONDARY RECOVERY - A broad term encompassing any method of extracting oil from a reservoir after a well or field has exhausted its primary production.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Rock is generally classified in one of three categories: a. Sedimentary; b. Igneous; c. Metamorphic.

SEPARATOR GAS - Natural gas separated out of the oil by a separator at the well.

SERVICE ZONE COMPLETION - The interval in a well bore that has been mechanically prepared for service use, usually water or gas injection to stimulate production from other wells or for water or other waste disposal.

SET CASING - To cement casing in the hole. The cement is pumped downhole to the bottom of the well and is forced up a certain distance into the annular space between casing and the rock wall of the drill hole. It is then allowed to harden, thus sealing off upper formations that may contain water. The small amount of cement in the casing is drilled out in preparation for perforating to permit the oil to enter the casing. The decision to set casing (or pipe) is an indication that the operator believes he has a commercial well.

SETTLED PRODUCTION - The second phase of production in the producing life of a well. (see IP).

SHALE - A very fine-grained sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation and compression of clay, silt, or mud. It has a finely laminated or layered structure. Shale breaks easily into thin parallel layers; a thinly laminated siltstone, mudstone, or claystone. Shale is soft, but sufficiently hard packed (indurated), so as not to disintegrate upon becoming wet. However, some shales absorb water and swell considerable, causing problems in well drilling. Most shales are compacted, and consequently, do not contain commercial quantities of oil and gas.

SHOT HOLE - A small-diameter hole, usually drilled with a portable, truck-mounted drill, for “planting” explosive charges in seismic operations.

SHUT IN - To close the valves at the wellhead so that the well stops flowing or producing; also describes a well on which the valves have been closed.

SHUT-IN PAYMENTS - Payments made for any producible well on the Federal OCS that is temporarily closed down. (See Shut-in zone completion.)

SOUR GAS - Natural gas containing chemical impurities, a notable hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or other sulfur compounds that make it extremely harmful to breathe even small amounts; a gas with disagreeable odor resembling that of rotten eggs.

SQUEEZING A WELL - A technique to seal off with cement a section of the well bore where a leak or incursion of water or gas occurs; forcing to the bottom of the casing and up the annular space between the casing and the wall of the borehole to seal off a formation or plug a leak in the casing; a squeeze job.

STRATIGRAPHIC TEST - A test well drilled to obtain information on the thickness, lithology, porosity, and permeability of the rock layers drilled through or to locate a key bed. Such wells are often drilled to evaluate a potentially productive pay zone.

STRIPPER WELL - The final state in the life of a producing well.

STRUCTURAL TRAP - A fold or break (or both) in the earth's crust which creates an impervious trap for oil and gas. Oil will migrate underground through rock until it is "trapped".

SUCKER ROD - Steel rods that are screwed together to form a “string” that connects the pump inside a well’s tubing downhole to the pumping jack on the surface; pumping rods.

SURFACE PIPE - Pipe which is set with cement through the shallow water sands to avoid polluting the water and keep the sand from caving in while drilling a well.

SUSPENDED WELL - A well on which operations have been discontinued. The usual context is an uncompleted well in which operations ceased during drilling but which has not been plugged and abandoned permanently.

SWAB - A tool which is lowered down the pipe on a wire line. The "swab" is then pulled out of the hole. As it travels up the pipe, rubber elements expand so that the fluid in the pipe is trapped above the swab and pushed to the surface. This operation is necessary when the formation pressure is not high enough to blow the fluids in the pipe to the surface.

SWEET CRUDE - Crude oil containing very little sulfur and having a good odor.

SWEET GAS - Natural gas free of significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) when produced.

3-D SEISMIC PROGRAM - Seismic surveys shot from surfaces to map underground stratigraphy; to profile the underlying strata in search of up-dips, down dips, faults, and other promising anomalies.

Process Engineering Term - R

REEF RESERVOIR - A type of reservoir trap composed of rocks, usually limestone, made up of the skeletal remains of marine animals. Reef reservoirs are often characterized by high initial production that falls off rapidly, requiring pressure maintenance techniques to sustain production.

RESERVOIR - A porous, permeable sedimentary rock formation containing quantities of oil and/or gas enclosed or surrounded by layers of less-permeable or impervious rock; a structural trap; a stratigraphic trap.

REWORK OPERATIONS - Any major operation performed on a well after its completion in an attempt to restore or improve its ability to produce.

ROTARY TONGS - The massive, counter-weighted tongs used on the drill floor to screw joints of drillpipe, tubing or casing; the generic term for the heavy wrenches used by the rough necks on the rig floor.

ROYALTY, LANDOWNER’S - A share of gross production of oil and gas, free of all costs of production. Occasionally, the term is used to describe an interest in production created by the landowner outside the lease and distinguished from the conventional lessor’s royalty. In this case the landowner’s royalty, outside of the lease, may have any specified duration. In general usage, landowner’s and lessor’s royalty are synonymous.

RACK - 1. framework for supporting or containing a number of loose objects, such as pipe. See pipe rack. 2. a bar with teeth on one face for gearing with a pinion or worm gear. 3. a notched bar used as a ratchet. v: 1. to place on a rack. 2. to use as a rack.

RADIOACTIVITY LOG - a record of the natural or induced radioactive characteristics of subsurface formations. Also called nuclear log. See radioactivity well logging.

RADIOACTIVITY WELL LOGGING - the recording of the natural or induced radioactive characteristics of subsurface formations. A radioactivity log, also known as a radiation log or a nuclear log, normally consists of two recorded curves: a gamma ray curve and a neutron curve. Both help to determine the types of rocks in the formation and the types of fluids contained in the rocks.

RAM - the closing and sealing component on a blowout preventer. One of three types—blind, pipe, or shear—may be installed in several preventers mounted in a stack on top of the wellbore. Blind rams, when closed, form a seal on a hole that has no drill pipe in it; pipe rams, when closed, seal around the pipe; shear rams cut through drill pipe and then form a seal.

RAM BLOWOUT PREVENTER - a blowout preventer that uses rams to seal off pressure on a hole that is with or without pipe. It is also called a ram preventer. Ram-type preventers have interchangeable ram blocks to accommodate different O.D. drill pipe, casing, or tubing.

RANGE OF LOAD - in sucker rod pumping, the difference between the polished rod peak load on the upstroke and the minimum load on the downstroke.

RATE OF PENETRATION (ROP) - a measure of the speed at which the bit drills into formations, usually expressed in feet (meters) per hour or minutes per foot (meter).

RATHOLE - 1. a hole in the rig floor, some 30 to 40 feet (9 to 12 meters) deep, which is lined with casing that projects above the floor, into which the kelly and the swivel are placed when hoisting operations are in progress. 2. a hole of a diameter smaller than the main hole and drilled in the bottom of the main hole. v: to reduce the size of the wellbore and drill ahead.

RATHOLE CONNECTION - the addition of a length of drill pipe or tubing to the active string using the rathole instead of the mousehole, which is the more common connection. Compare mousehole connection.

RATHOLE RIG - a small, usually truck-mounted rig, the purpose of which is to drill ratholes for regular drilling rigs that will be moved in later. A rathole rig may also drill the top part of the hole, the conductor hole, before the main rig arrives on location.

REAM - to enlarge the wellbore by drilling it again with a special bit.

REAMER - a tool used in drilling to smooth the wall of a well, enlarge the hole to the specified size, help stabilize the bit, straighten the wellbore if kinks or doglegs are encountered, and drill directionally.

RECIPROCATING MOTION - back-and-forth or up-and-down movement, such as that of a piston in a cylinder.

RECIPROCATING PUMP - a pump consisting of a piston that moves back and forth or up and down in a cylinder. The cylinder is equipped with inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge) valves. On the intake stroke, the suction valves are opened, and fluid is drawn into the cylinder. On the discharge stroke, the suction valves close, the discharge valves open, and fluid is forced out of the cylinder.

RECOMPLETION - after the initial completion of a well, the action and techniques of reentering the well and redoing or repairing the original completion to restore the well’s productivity.

REEVE - to string a wire rope drilling line through the sheaves of the traveling and crown blocks to the hoisting drum.

REMOTE BOP CONTROL PANEL - a device placed on the rig floor that can be operated by the driller to direct air pressure to actuating cylinders that turn the control valves on the main BOP control unit, located a safe distance from the rig.

REMOTE CHOKE PANEL - a set of controls, usually placed on the rig floor, or elsewhere on location, that is manipulated to control the amount of drilling fluid being circulated through the choke manifold. This procedure is necessary when a kick is being circulated out of a well. See choke manifold.

RESERVE PIT - 1. (obsolete) a mud pit in which a supply of drilling fluid is stored.

RESERVES - the unproduced but recoverable oil or gas in a formation that has been proved by production.

RESERVE TANK - a special mud tank that holds mud that is not being actively circulated. A reserve tank usually contains a different type of mud from that which the pump is currently circulating. For example, it may store heavy mud for emergency well-control operations.

RESERVOIR - a subsurface, porous, permeable or naturally fractured rock body in which oil or gas are stored. Most reservoir rocks are limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of these. The four basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, volatile oil, dry gas, and gas condensate. An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids—gas, oil, and water—with oil the dominant product. In the typical oil reservoir, these fluids become vertically segregated because of their different densities. Gas, the lightest, occupies the upper part of the reservoir rocks; water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate section. In addition to its occurrence as a cap or in solution, gas may accumulate independently of the oil; if so, the reservoir is called a gas reservoir. Associated with the gas, in most instances, are salt water and some oil. Volatile oil reservoirs are exceptional in that during early production they are mostly productive of light oil plus gas, but, as depletion occurs, production can become almost totally completely gas. Volatile oils are usually good candidates for pressure maintenance, which can result in increased reserves. In the typical dry gas reservoir natural gas exists only as a gas and production is only gas plus fresh water that condenses from the flow stream reservoir. In a gas condensate reservoir, the hydrocarbons may exist as a gas, but, when brought to the surface, some of the heavier hydrocarbons condense and become a liquid.

RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM - the process in which reservoir fluids are caused to flow out of the reservoir rock and into a wellbore by natural energy. Gas drive depends on the fact that, as the reservoir is produced, pressure is reduced, allowing the gas to expand and provide the principal driving energy. Water drive reservoirs depend on water and rock expansion to force the hydrocarbons out of the reservoir and into the wellbore. Also called natural drive energy.

RESERVOIR OIL - oil in place in the reservoir; retained in a reservoir as residual gas saturation is an inverse function of the pressure, due to the physics of gas.

RESERVOIR PRESSURE - the average pressure within the reservoir at any given time. Determination of this value is best made by bottomhole pressure measurements with adequate shut-in time. If a shut-in period long enough for the reservoir pressure to stabilize is impractical, then various techniques of analysis by pressure buildup or drawdown tests are available to determine static reservoir pressure.

RESERVOIR ROCK - a permeable rock that may contain oil or gas in appreciable quantity and through which petroleum may migrate.

RESISTIVITY - the electrical resistance offered to the passage of current; the opposite of conductivity.

RESISTIVITY LOG - a record of the resistivity of a formation. Usually obtained when an electric log is run. See resistivity well logging.

RESISTIVITY WELL LOGGING - the recording of the resistance of formation water to natural or induced electrical current. The mineral content of subsurface water allows it to conduct electricity. Rock, oil, and gas are poor conductors. Resistivity measurements can be correlated to formation lithology, porosity, permeability, and saturation and are very useful in formation evaluation.

RETRIEVABLE PACKER - a packer that can be pulled out of the well to be repaired or replaced.

RESERVE CIRCULATION - the course of drilling fluid downward through the annulus and upward through the drill stem, in contrast to normal circulation in which the course is downward through the drill stem and upward through the annulus. Seldom used in open hole, but frequently used in workover operations.

REWORK - to restore production from an existing formation when it has fallen off substantially or ceased altogether.

RIG - the derrick or mast, drawworks, and attendant surface equipment of a drilling or workover unit.

RIG DOWN - to dismantle a drilling rig and auxiliary equipment following the completion of drilling operations. Also called tear down.

RIG FLOOR - the area immediately around the rotary table and extending to each corner of the derrick or mast—that is, the area immediately above the substructure on which the rotary table, and so forth rest.

RIG UP - to prepare the drilling rig for making hole, for example, to install tools and machinery before drilling is started.

ROD BLOWOUT PREVENTER - a ram device used to close the annular space around the polished rod or sucker rod in a pumping well.

ROD HANGER - a device used to hang sucker rods on the mast or in the derrick.

ROD STRING - a sucker rod string, that is, the entire length of sucker rods, which usually consists of several single rods screwed together. The rod string serves as a mechanical link from the beam pumping unit on the surface to the sucker rod pump near the bottom of the well.

ROLLER CHAIN - a type of chain that is used to transmit power by fitting over sprockets attached to shafts, causing rotation of one shaft by the rotation of another. Transmission roller chain consists of offset links, pin links, and roller links.

ROTARY - the machine used to impart rotational power to the drill stem while permitting vertical movement of the pipe for rotary drilling. Modern rotary machines have a special component, the rotary or master bushing, to turn the kelly bushing, which permits vertical movement of the kelly while the stem is turning.

ROTARY DRILLING - a drilling method in which a hole is drilled by a rotating bit to which a downward force is applied. The bit is fastened to and rotated by the drill stem, which also provides a passageway through which the drilling fluid is circulated. Additional joints of drill pipe are added as drilling progresses.

ROTARY HELPER - a worker on a drilling or workover rig, subordinate to the driller, whose primary work station is on the rig floor. Sometimes called floorhand, floorman, rig crew member, or roughneck.

ROTARY HOSE - the hose on a rotary drilling rig that conducts the drilling fluid from the mud pump and standpipe to the swivel and kelly; also called the mud hose or the kelly hose. It is a steel-reinforced, flexible hose that is installed between the standpipe and the swivel or top drive.

ROTARY SHOE - a length of pipe whose bottom edge is serrated or dressed with a hard cutting material and that is run into the wellbore around the outside of stuck casing, pipe, or tubing to mill away the obstruction.

ROTARY SPEED - the speed, measured in revolutions per minute, at which the rotary table is operated.

ROTARY SUPPORT TABLE - a strong but relatively lightweight device used on some rigs that employ a top drive to rotate the bit. Although a conventional rotary table is not required to rotate the bit on such rigs, crew members must still have a place to set the slips to suspend the drill string in the hole when tripping or making a connection. A rotary support table provides such a place but does not include all the rotary machinery required in a regular rotary table.

ROTARY TABLE - The principal component of a rotary, or rotary machine, used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling assembly. It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and an opening into which bushings are fitted to drive and support the drilling assembly.

ROUND TRIP - the procedure of pulling out and subsequently running back into the hole a string of drill pipe or tubing. Also called tripping.

RUN CASING - to lower a string of casing into the hole. Also called to run pipe.

RUN IN - to go into the hole with tubing, drill pipe, and so forth.

RUN PIPE - to lower a string of casing into the hole. Also called to run casing.

Process Engineering Term - P

PACKER - An expanding plug used in a well to seal off certain secti0ons of the tubing or casing when cementing and acidizing or when a production formation is to be isolated. Packers are run on the tubing or the casing and when in position can be expanded mechanically or hydraulically against the pipe wall or the wall of the well bore.

PARAFFIN - A white, odorless, tasteless, chemically inert, waxy substance derived from distilling petroleum; a crystalline, flammable substance composed of saturated hydrocarbons.

PAYOUT - When the costs of drilling, producing and operating have been recouped from the sale of products on a well.

PERFORATING GUN - A special tool used downhole for shooting holes in the well’s casing opposite the producing formation. The gun, a steel tube of various lengths, has steel projectiles placed at intervals over its outer circumference, perpendicular to the gun’s long axis. When lowered into the well’s casing on a wireline opposite the formation to be produced, the gun is fired electrically, shooting numerous holes in the casing that permit the oil or gas to flow into the casing.

PERMEABILITY - A measure of the resistance of rock to the movement of fluids. Rocks may have holes or void spaces in them (porosity), but if these holes do not connect, the permeability can be drastically reduced.

PINCHOUT - The disappearance or “wedging out” of a porous, permeable formation between two layers of impervious rock. The gradual, vertical “thinning” of a formation, over a horizontal or near-horizontal distance, until it disappears.

PIPELINE GAS - Gas under sufficient pressure to enter the high-pressure gas lines of a purchaser; gas sufficiently dry so that liquid hydrocarbons - natural gasoline, butane, and other gas liquids usually present in natural gas - will not condense or drop out in the transmission lines.

PLUG - To fill a well’s borehole with cement or other impervious material to prevent the flow of water, gas or oil from one strata to another when a well is abandoned; to screw a metal plug into a pipeline to shut off drainage or to divert the stream of oil to a connecting line to stop the flow of oil or gas.

PLUGGING A WELL - To fill up the borehole of an abandoned well with mud and cement to prevent the flow of water or oil from one strata to another or to the surface. In the industry’s early years, wells were often improperly plugged or left open. Modern practice requires that an abandoned well be properly and securely plugged.

POROSITY - A measure of the relative volume of void space in rock to the total rock volume. These spaces or pores are where oil and gas accumulate; therefore, a formation containing a high percentage of porosity can contain more hydrocarbons.

PROVEN RESERVES - Oil and gas which has not been produced but has been located and is recoverable.

PUMP, CASING - A sucker-rod pump designed to pump oil up through the casing instead of the more common method of pumping through tubing. A casing pump is run into the well on the sucker rods; a packer on the top or bottom of the pump barrel provides packoff or seal between the pump and the wall of the casing at any desired depth. Oil is discharged from the pump into the casing and out the wellhead.

PUMP, ROD - A class of downhole pumps in which the barrel, plunger, and standing valve are assembled and lowered into the well through the tubing. When lowered to its pumping position, the pump is locked to the tubing to permit relative motion between plunger and barrel. The locking device is a holddown and consists either of cups or a mechanical, metal-to-metal seal.

PUMPING UNIT - A pump connected to a source of power; an oil-well pumping jack; a pipeline pump and engine.

PUMPER - An employee of an operator who is responsible for gauging the oil and gas sold off the leases he has been assigned and who is also responsible for maintaining and reporting the daily production.

PLANNING AREA - A subdivision of an offshore area used as the initial basis for considering blocks to be offered for lease.

PLUGGED AND ABANDONED - Wells in which casings have been removed, and the well bore sealed with mechanical or cement plugs.

PRODUCIBLE LEASE - A lease where one well or several wells have discovered hydrocarbons in paying quantities, but for which there is no production during the reporting period.

PRODUCIBLE ZONE COMPLETION - The interval in a wellbore that has been mechanically prepared to produce oil, gas, or sulphur. There can be more than one zone completed for production in a wellbore.

PRODUCING LEASE - A lease that is producing oil, gas, or sulphur in quantities sufficient to generate royalties.

PRODUCTION - The phase of oil and gas operations involved with well fluids extraction, separation, treatment, measurement, etc.

PROVEN RESERVES - Reserves that can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be recovered under current economic conditions. Current economic conditions include processing costs prevailing at the time of the estimate. Proved reserves must either have facilities that are operational at the time of the estimate to process and transport those reserves to market, or a commitment of reasonable expectation to install such facilities in the future. Proved reserves can be subdivided into undeveloped and developed.

Process Engineering Term - O

OFFSET WELL - (1) A well drilled on the next location to the original well. The distance form the first well to the offset well depends upon spacing regulations and whether the original well produces oil or gas. (2) A well drilled on one tract of land to prevent the drainage of oil or gas to an adjoining tract where a well is being drilled or is already producing.

OIL - A liquid hydrocarbon.

OIL BEHIND THE PIPE - Refers to oil and gas sands or formations knowingly passed through, never produced. Such formations usually were of low permeability (tight formations) that, say 20 years ago, were uneconomical to produce when oil was around $5 or less a barrel. Other times formations would be purposely ignored because the operator was going deeper for bigger game, so the less-spectacular, plain-Jane sands were cased off. When the price of crude oil reached $30 per barrel, the bypassed formations looked pretty good and were opened up and produced.

OIL-CUT MUD - Drilling mud with which crude oil has been unintentionally mixed. This may occur when drilling into or through an oil-bearing formation whose pressure is sufficient to overcome the pressure or weight of the column of mud in the hole. Oil also may become mixed with the drilling mud when a drillstem test is taken.

OIL GRAVITY - The most widely used indicator of a crude oil's worth to the producer is its API gravity. Normally, the price which a producer receives for his oil depends on its gravity, the less dense oils (higher API gravity) being the most valuable. This price schedule is based on the premise that the lighter oil contains higher percentages of the more valuable products such as gasoline. API Gravity (degrees) = (141.5/sp.gr.) - 131.5.

OIL IN PLACE - Crude oil estimated to exist in a field or a reservoir; oil in the formation not yet produced

OIL & GAS LEASES - A contract between an oil operator and a landowner which gives the operator the right to drill for oil and gas on his property for a consideration. It is simply a "ticket to hunt".

OIL LOST - Oil that is spilled or burned (i.e., oil not retained in the production system for sale).

ON THE PUMP - An expression that means a well is incapable of flowing and that the oil is being pumped to the surface by a "pumping unit".

OPEN HOLE - An uncased well bore; the section of the well bore below the casing; a well in which there is no protective string of pipe.

OPEN-HOLE LOGGING - Logging operations in an uncased well bore. The well is logged below the relatively shallow surface pipe.

OPERATING EXPENSE - The expenses incurred through the operation of producing properties.

OPERATOR - The individual, partnership, firm, or corporation having control or management of operations on a leased area or a portion thereof. The operator may be a lessee, designated agent of the lessee, holder of rights under an approved operation agreement, or an agent of an operating rights holder.

ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC) - Oil producing and exporting countries in the Middle East, Africa, and South America that have organized for the purpose of negotiating with oil companies on matters of oil production, prices, and future concession rights. OPEC was created in 1960.

OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF (OCS) - All submerged lands seaward and outside the area of lands beneath navigable waters. Lands beneath navigable waters are interpreted as extending from the coastline 3 nautical miles into the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Gulf of Mexico excluding the coastal waters off Texas and western Florida. Lands beneath navigable waters are interpreted as extending from the coastline 3 marine leagues into the Gulf of Mexico off Texas and western Florida.

Process Engineering Term - N

NATURAL GAS - a highly compressible, highly expansible mixture of hydrocarbons with a low specific gravity and occurring naturally in a gaseous form.

NET PROFIT SHARE LEASE - An OCS lease that provides for payment to the U.S. of a percentage share of the net profits for production of oil and gas from the tract. The percentage share may be fixed in the notice of the lease sale or may be a variable of the bid, depending on the bidding system used for the lease sale.

NEUTRON LOG - a radioactivity well log used to determine formation porosity. The logging tool bombards the formation with neutrons. When the neutrons strike hydrogen atoms in water or oil, gamma rays are released. Since water or oil exists only in pore spaces, a measurement of the gamma rays indicates formation porosity. See radioactivity well logging.

NIGHT TOOLPUSHER - an assistant toolpusher whose duty hours are typically during nighttime hours. Also known as a tourpusher.

NIPPLE - a tubular pipe fitting threaded on both ends used for making connections between pipe joints and other tools.

NIPPLE UP - in drilling, to assemble the blowout preventer stack on the wellhead at the surface.

NITRO SHOOTING - a formation-stimulation process first used about 100 years ago in Pennsylvania. Nitroglycerine is placed in a well and exploded to fracture.

NORMAL CIRCULATION - the smooth, uninterrupted circulation of drilling fluid down the drill stem, out the bit, up the annular space between the pipe and the hole, and back to the surface.

NOZZLE - 1. a passageway through jet bits that causes the drilling fluid to be ejected from the bit at high velocity.

NRI (Net Revenue Interest) - That percent of the production revenue allocated to the working interest after first deducting proceeds allocated to royalty and overriding interest.

NUCLEAR TRACER - a gas, liquid, or solid material that emits gamma rays.

Process Engineering Term - M

MARGINAL PROBABILITY OF HYDROCARBONS (MPHC) - The probability that oil and gas occur in commercial quantities, using existing recovery technology under current economic conditions.

MINIMUM ROYALTY - The lowest payment a lessee can pay on an OCS lease after production begins. It is equivalent to the yearly rental, typically $3 per acre or $8 per hectare. Rentals are paid annually before a discovery; royalties are paid on production after a discovery. If the total royalty payments amount to less than the yearly rental, the minimum royalty payments make up the difference.

MACARONI STRING - a string of tubing or pipe, usually 3/4 or 1 inch (1.9 or 2.54 centimeters) in diameter.

MAKE A CONNECTION - to attach a joint or stand of drill pipe onto the drill stem suspended in the wellbore to permit deepening the wellbore by the length of the pipe.

MAKE UP - 1. to assemble and join parts to form a complete unit (for example, to make up a string of drill pipe). 2. to screw together two threaded pieces. Compare break out. 3. to mix or prepare (for example, to make up a tank of mud). 4. to compensate for (for example, to make up for lost time).

MAKE UP A JOINT - to screw a length of pipe into another length of pipe.

MAKEUP CATHEAD - a device that is attached to the shaft of the drawworks and used as a power source for making up joints of pipe. It is usually located on the driller’s side of the drawworks. Also called spinning cathead.

MAKEUP TONGS - tongs used for screwing one length of pipe into another for making up a joint. Compare breakout tongs. See also tongs.

MALE CONNECTION - a pipe, coupling, or tool that has threads on the outside so that it can be joined to a female connection.

MANDREL - a cylindrical bar, spindle, or shaft around which other parts are arranged or attached or that fits inside a cylinder or tube.

MANIFOLD - 1. an accessory system of piping to a main piping system (or another conductor) that serves to divide a flow into several parts, to combine several flows into one, or to reroute a flow to any one of several possible destinations.

MAST - a portable derrick that is capable of being raised as a unit, as distinguished from a standard derrick, which cannot be raised to a working position as a unit. For transporting by land, the mast can be divided into two or more sections to avoid excessive length extending from truck beds on the highway.

MASTER BUSHING - a device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips and drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the rotary table can be transmitted to the kelly.

MASTER VALVE - 1. a large valve located on the Christmas tree and used to control the flow of oil and gas from a well. Also called master gate.

MECHANICAL JAR - a percussion tool operated mechanically to give an upward thrust to a fish by the sudden release of a tripping device inside the tool. If the fish can be freed by an upward blow, the mechanical jar can be very effective.

MECHANICAL LOG - a log of, for instance, rate of penetration or amount of gas in the mud, obtained at the surface by mechanical means. See mud logging.

MECHANICAL RIG - a drilling rig in which the source of power is one or more internal-combustion engines and in which the power is distributed to rig components through mechanical devices (such as chains, sprockets, clutches, and shafts). Also called a power rig.

MILL - a downhole tool with rough, sharp, extremely hard cutting surfaces for removing metal, packers, cement, sand, or scale by grinding or cutting.

MISCIBLE DRIVE - method of enhanced recovery in which various hydrocarbon solvents or gases (such as propane, LPG, natural gas, carbon dioxide, or a mixture thereof) are injected into the reservoir to reduce interfacial forces between oil and water in the pore channels and thus displace oil from the reservoir rock. See chemical flooding, gas injection.

MIXING TANK - any tank or vessel used to mix components of a substance (as in the mixing of additives with drilling mud).

MIX MUD - to prepare drilling fluids.

MONITOR - an instrument that reports the performance of a control device or signals if unusual conditions appear in a system.

MONKEYBOARD - the derrickhand’s working platform. As pipe or tubing is run into or out of the hole, the derrickhand must handle the top end of the pipe, which may be as high as 90 feet (27 meters) or higher in the derrick or mast.

MORNING TOUR - a work shift that generally begins at or near midnight. See graveyard tour.

MOTORHAND - the crew member on a rotary drilling rig, who is responsible for the care and operation of drilling engines. Also called motorman.

MOTOR - any of various power units, such as a hydraulic, internal combustion, air, or electric device, that develops energy or imparts motion. Compare engine.

MOUSEHOLE - shallow bores under the rig floor, usually lined with pipe, in which joints of drill pipe are temporarily suspended for later connection to the drill string.

MOUSEHOLE CONNECTION - the procedure of adding a length of drill pipe or tubing to the active string.

MUD - the liquid circulated through the wellbore during rotary drilling and workover operations.

MUD ACID - a mixture of hydrochloric and/or hydrofluoric acids and surfactants used to remove wall cake from the wellbore.

MUD CAKE - the sheath of mud solids that forms on the wall of the hole when liquid from mud filters into the formation. Also called filter cake or wall cake.

MUD CENTRIFUGE - a device that uses centrifugal force to separate small solid components from liquid drilling fluid.

MUD CLEANER - a cone-shaped device, a hydrocyclone, designed to remove very fine solid particles from the drilling mud.

MUD ENGINEER - an employee of a drilling fluid supply company whose duty it is to test and maintain the drilling mud properties that are specified by the operator.

MUD GAS-SEPARATOR - a device that removes gas from the mud coming out of a well when a kick is being circulated out.

MUD HOSE - also called kelly hose or rotary hose. See rotary hose.

MUD LINE - a mud return line.

MUD LOGGING - the recording of information derived from examination and analysis of formation cuttings made by the bit and of mud circulated out of the hole. A portion of the mud is diverted through a gas-detecting device. Cuttings brought up by the mud are examined under ultraviolet light to detect the presence of oil or gas. Mud logging is often carried out in a portable laboratory set up at the well site.

MUD PIT - originally, an open pit dug in the ground to hold drilling fluid or waste materials discarded after the treatment of drilling mud. For some drilling operations, mud pits are used for suction to the mud pumps, settling of mud sediments, and storage of reserve mud. Steel tanks are much more commonly used for these purposes now, but they are still usually referred to as pits.

MUD PUMP - a large, high-pressure reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud on a drilling rig. A typical mud pump is a two or three-cylinder piston pump whose replaceable pistons travel in replaceable liners and are driven by a crankshaft actuated by an engine or a motor.

MUD RETURN LINE - a trough or pipe that is placed between the surface connections at the wellbore and the shale shaker.

MUD TANK - one of a series of open tanks, usually made of steel plate, through which the drilling mud is cycled to remove sand and fine sediments.

MUD WEIGHT - a measure of the density of a drilling fluid expressed as pounds per gallon, pounds per cubic foot, or kilograms per cubic metre. Mud weight is directly related to the amount of pressure the column of drilling mud exerts at the bottom of the hole.

MULTIPLE COMPLETION - an arrangement for producing a well in which one wellbore penetrates two or more petroleum-bearing formations. In one type, multiple tubing strings are suspended side by side in the production casing string, each a different length and each packed to prevent the commingling of different reservoir fluids. Each reservoir is then produced through its own tubing string. Alternatively, a small diameter production casing string may be provided for each reservoir, as in multiple miniaturized or multiple tubingless completions. See dual completion.

Process Engineering Term - L

LAND RIG - any drilling rig that is located on dry land.

LATCH - a device, usually with segmented threads, run with seal subs on the bottom of a tubing string and latched into a permanent packer to prevent tubing movement.

LAY - 1. the spiral of strands in a wire rope either to the right or to the left, as viewed from above. 2. a term used to measure wire rope, signifying the linear distance a wire strand covers in one complete rotation around the rope.

LAY DOWN PIPE - to pull drill pipe or tubing from the hole and place it in a horizontal position on a pipe rack. Compare set back.

LEAD-TONG HAND - the crew member who operates the lead tongs when drill pipe and drill collars are being handled. Also called lead-tong man.

LEAD TONGS - the pipe tongs suspended in the derrick or mast and operated by a chain or a wire rope connected to the makeup cathead or the breakout cathead.

LEASE - A legal document executed between a landowner, as lessor, and a company or individual (as lessee) that conveys the right to exploit the premises for minerals or other products for a specified period of time over a given area.

LIFTING - a threaded device placed in the end of tubulars, such as drill collars to aid in lifting; also called hoisting plug.

LIGHT ENDS - The more volatile products of petroleum refining, e.g., butane, propane, and gasoline.

LINER - 1. a string of pipe used to case open hole below existing casing. A liner extends from the setting depth up into another string of casing, usually overlapping about 100 feet (30.5 meters) above the lower end of the intermediate or the oil string. Liners are nearly always suspended from the upper string by a hanger device. 2. a relatively short length of pipe with holes or slots that is placed opposite a producing formation. Usually, such liners are wrapped with specially shaped wire that is designed to prevent the entry of loose sand into the well as it is produced. They are also often used with a gravel pack. 3. in jet perforation guns, a conically shaped metallic piece that is part of a shaped charge. It increases the efficiency of the charge by increasing the penetrating ability of the jet. 4. a replaceable tube that fits inside the cylinder of an engine or a pump.

LINER COMPLETION - a well completion in which a liner is used to obtain communication between the reservoir and the wellbore.

LINER HANGER - a slip device that attaches the liner to the casing. See liner.

LOCATION - the place where a well is drilled. Also called well site.

LOG - a systematic recording of data, such as a driller’s log, mud log, electrical well log, or radioactivity log. Many different logs are run in wells to discern various characteristics of downhole formation. v: to record data.

LOG A WELL - to run any of the various logs used to ascertain downhole information about a well.

LOGGING DEVICES - any of several electrical, acoustical, mechanical, or radioactivity devices that are used to measure and record certain characteristics or events that occur in a well that has been or is being drilled.

LONG STRING - 1. the last string of casing set in a well. 2. the string of casing that is set at the top of or through the producing zone, often called the oil string or production casing.

LOST CIRCULATION - the quantities of whole mud lost to a formation, usually in cavernous, pressured, or coarsely permeable beds. Evidenced by the complete or partial failure of the mud to return to the surface as it is being circulated in the hole.

LOST PIPE - drill pipe, drill collars, tubing, or casing that has become separated in the hole from the part of the pipe reaching the surface, necessitating its removal before normal operations can proceed; for example, a fish.

LOST TIME INCIDENT - an incident in the workplace that results in an injury serious enough that causes the person injured to be unable to work for a day or more.

LUBRICATOR - a specially fabricated length of casing or tubing usually placed temporarily above a valve on top of the casinghead or tubing head. It is used to run swabbing or perforating tools into a producing well and provides a method for sealing off pressure and thus should be rated for highest anticipated pressure.