tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660053201575247562024-03-13T18:19:40.912+08:00KiSaH yG TeRTuLiS. . . .Let me write again all past histories...Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-7599835745018432052015-12-30T02:06:00.000+08:002015-12-30T02:06:26.638+08:00Review - Xiaomi Redmi 2 EnhanceLedakan teknologi telefon pintar yang berpusat di negara China sejak kebelakangan ini menyebabkan pengeluaran banyak jenama yang boleh didapati pada harga murah namun memberi spesifikasi yang tinggi. Antaranya jenama yang tidak begitu dikenali seperti Xiaomi, DooGee, Leagoo, Meizu dan pelbagai jenis jenama lain yang menjadikan Android sebagai 'operating system' menyebabkan pengguna Android mempunyai banyak pilihan. Sudah tentunya keperluan bagi setiap pengguna adalah berbeza, maka dengan pelbagai jenama yang berada di pasaran menjadikan pengguna mempunyai pilihan yang pelbagai.<br />
<br />
Bagi penulis pula, pilihan telefon pintar yang diingini adalah:<br />
<br />
1) Harga yang murah - Pilihan ini tentunya semua orang dah tetapkan. Telefon pintar berharga kurang dari RM 500 adalah pilihan kebanyakan pengguna yang berada pada kelas pertengahan dan bawah kerana bagi mereka, bajet tersebut adalah 'acceptable'.<br />
<br />
2) Spesifikasi yang tinggi - Dengan perkembangan aplikasi-aplikasi dalam telefon pintar itu sendiri yang kian pesat, mempunyai telefon pintar yang berspesifikasi minimum ROM 8 GB dan RAM 1 GB adalah perlu. Ini bagi memastikan keupayaan telefon pintar dapat dimaksimumkan setiap kali aplikasi dikemaskini.<br />
<br />
3) Bateri tahan lama - Masalah ketahanan bateri adalah masalah yang berpanjangan bagi telefon pintar. Dengan keupayaan bateri sekadar pada julat 2,500 mAh cuma dapat bertahan selama 12 jam jika penggunaan kerap dan semestinya menjengkelkan pengguna. Kebanyakan telefon pintar datang bersama pakej 'rapid charge' dan keupayaan bateri sehingga 4,000 mAh namun tidak bagi telefon bajet bawah RM 500. Penggunaan 'power bank' juga membantu namun masih terdapat masalah lain seperti telefon panas ketika digunakan dalam masa mengecas dengan 'power bank' yang semestinya juga menjengkelkan. Namun, dengan adanya bateri tambahan dan juga 'external charger' membantu menyelesaikan masalah bateri telefon yang tidak tahan lama namun tidak semua jenama mempunyai kemudahan sedemikian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Berdasarkan pada keperluan seperti diatas, penulis telah melakukan pencarian di laman sesawang <a href="http://www.gsmarena.com/search.php3">GSMArena</a> untuk mencari telefon pintar yang sesuai dengan kehendak penulis dan dalam masa yang sama dibawah bajet RM 500 penulis. Akhirnya penulis menjumpai telefon pintar yang sesuai dengan kehendak penulis iaitu Xiaomi Redmi 2 Enhance version.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XoGSlB8uqm0/VoLGmHopEfI/AAAAAAAAAh8/oMmArf7TCC8/s1600/10-1439200179-xiaomiredmi2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XoGSlB8uqm0/VoLGmHopEfI/AAAAAAAAAh8/oMmArf7TCC8/s320/10-1439200179-xiaomiredmi2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Berikut adalah kriteria telefon pintar <a href="http://www.mi.com/my/redmi2/">Xiaomi Redmi 2 Enhance</a> yang menjadikan penulis berminat untuk memiliki dan telah memakainya sehingga sekarang:<br />
<br />
1) Murah - Penulis membeli telefon ini pada harga RM 469 melalui website <a href="http://www.mi.com/my/">Xiaomi Malaysia</a>. Model ini adalah 'enhance version' daripada versi sebelumnya iaitu Xiaomi Redmi 2 yang juga murah, RM 399 sahaja.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r6opze91l8g/VoLG_B5BWYI/AAAAAAAAAiE/7uJNScnbOas/s1600/Xiaomi-Redmi-2-Enhanced.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r6opze91l8g/VoLG_B5BWYI/AAAAAAAAAiE/7uJNScnbOas/s320/Xiaomi-Redmi-2-Enhanced.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
2) Spesifikasi Tinggi - Versi 'Enhance' hadir dengan 2 GB RAM + 16 GB ROM manakala versi lama cuma 1 GB RAM + 8GB ROM. Menggunakan chipset Qualcomm Snapdragon 410, 64 bit, 1.2 GHz CPU menjadikan telefon pintar ini antara telefon murah berprestasi tinggi.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zZiCrxwuHII/VoLHkYlnbUI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/If7uUmkj8TE/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zZiCrxwuHII/VoLHkYlnbUI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/If7uUmkj8TE/s320/Untitled.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
3) Slot SIM Kad - Terdapat dua slot SIM Kad yang mana kedua-duanya menyokong FDD-LTE yang mana memberi kelebihan yang nyata berbanding telefon pintar lain yang cuma mempunyai 1 slot SIM Kad yang menyokong FDD-LTE. Untuk pengetahuan anda, FDD-LTE adalah frequency band yang digunakan oleh mobile operator di Malaysia seperti Celcom, Digi, Maxis dan lain-lain. Juga adalah penting untung mengetahui band yang digunakan oleh setiap mobile operator untuk mengetahui samada band tersebut disokong oleh telefon pintar atau tidak. Seperti penulis yang menggunakan Celcom, frequency band 4G bagi Celcom adalah Band 3 (1800 MHz) dan Band 7 (2600 MHz). Bermakna penulis akan memperoleh 'line' 4G bagi kedua-dua slot ini jika menggunakan rangkaian Celcom.<br />
<br />
<br />
4) Extra Bateri dan External Charger - Bagi penulis, ini adalah kelebihan paling diharapkan bagi setiap telefon pintar. Mempunyai External Charger sendiri. Sungguh pun adanya power bank telah cukup untuk menangani masalah bateri cepat habis, namun penulis sendiri tidak gemar menggunakan power bank kepada telefon pintar ketika mana penulis ingin menggunakan telefon itu untuk tujuan lain. Situasi paling ketara adalah bila mana penulis mahu menggunakan aplikasi Waze ketika memandu. Aplikasi Waze adalah aplikasi yang hebat menghabiskan bateri telefon, dan bila mana anda menggunakan Waze dan dalam masa yang sama cas telefon, bersedialah untuk merasai kepanasan telefon tersebut bila mana anda masukkan ia ke dalam poket. Dengan adanya bateri tambahan dan External Charger, telefon anda tidak akan panas lagi kerana dicas, anda boleh dapat 100% power setiap kali swap bateri dan bateri tidak panas ketika dicas dengan External Charger yang semestinya membantu memanjangkan hayat bateri itu sendiri.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_xmhSa0iLJc/VoLIpJAMGWI/AAAAAAAAAiY/RmpZ_uJJGw4/s1600/IMG_20151230_015103.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_xmhSa0iLJc/VoLIpJAMGWI/AAAAAAAAAiY/RmpZ_uJJGw4/s320/IMG_20151230_015103.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Seperti mana-mana barang, Xiaomi Redmi 2 Enhance juga mempunyai kekurangan. Antaranya adalah:<br />
<br />
1) Skrin Kecil - Dengan saiz skrin cuma 4.7 inci, ia bukanlah pilihan kebanyakan pengguna telefon pintar yang inginkan skrin besar sekurang-kurangnya 5 inci. Namun tidak bagi penulis yang menggemari saiz skrin tidak besar. Penulis sebelum ini adalah pengguna telefon pintar Oppo Neo 5 yang punya skrin sebesar 4.5 inci dan penulis selesa dengannya. Cuma penulis terpaksa menukar telefon kerana spesifikasi Oppo Neo 5 yang rendah (1GB RAM + 4GB ROM) yang bagi penulis 'overpriced' terlampau dengan harga RM 598.<br />
<br />
2) Kamera - Keupayaan kamera juga sederhana dengan 8MP untuk kamera utama dan 2MP untuk kamera depan. Namun spesifikasi ini adalah normal bagi telefon pintar bajet. Jika anda kaki selfie dan update gambar, telefon ini bukan yang sesuai untuk anda namun masih mampu menghasilkan imej yang memuaskan. Berikut adalah imej yang ditangkap menggunakan kamera telefon pintar ini.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mu6zek3A92I/VoLKvIvg7fI/AAAAAAAAAis/TMNQs7IH0A0/s1600/IMG_20151224_133203_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mu6zek3A92I/VoLKvIvg7fI/AAAAAAAAAis/TMNQs7IH0A0/s320/IMG_20151224_133203_HDR.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bUcSzOgZ6y8/VoLKirdMnOI/AAAAAAAAAik/aFmWs8vCTFs/s1600/IMG_20151227_122437_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bUcSzOgZ6y8/VoLKirdMnOI/AAAAAAAAAik/aFmWs8vCTFs/s320/IMG_20151227_122437_HDR.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
3) Lag (Sangkut) - Ada beberapa keadaan di mana operating system telefon ini akan tersangkut-sangkut, namun tidak kerap. Sepanjang penulis memakainya, boleh dikatakan lag berlaku cuma dalam sekali dua sehari, namun itu adalah akibat kita tidak clear RAM selepas membuka dan menutup aplikasi-aplikasi dalam telefon. Tambahan pula, operating system bagi telefon pintar ini juga telah menggunakan hampir 1GB RAM daripada 2GB kuotanya, maka tidak hairanlah jika berlaku lag bila mana anda tidak clear RAM dengan kerap selepas selesai menggunakan sesuatu aplikasi.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Namun malangnya harga bagi telefon pintar ini telah meningkat kepada RM 529 bermula 20 Oktober 2015 lepas kesan daripada kenaikan nilai Ringgit berbanding US Dollar. Namun penulis tetap merasakan yang telefon pintar ini masih berbaloi untuk dimiliki berdasarkan kehendak penulis sendiri.<br />
<br />
<br />
Lain-lain maklumat berkenaan telefon ini boleh dirujuk di laman sesawang <a href="http://www.mi.com/my/redmi2/specs/">Xiaomi Malaysia</a>. Untuk produk Xiaomi, dinasihatkan untuk membeli produk ini daripada laman sesawangnya sendiri untuk mendapatkan jaminan terus daripada pengeluar, dengan kemudahan pembayaran kad kredit / debit dan internet banking. Anda cuma perlu membuka akaun Xiaomi untuk mombolehkan anda meletakkan tempahan. Penghantaran adalah percuma bagi jumlah pembelian melebihi RM100, dan semua barang dipos daripada Damansara samada melalui FeDex atau GDex dengan tempoh 3-5 hari bekerja bagi kawasan semenanjung Malaysia.Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-12739195364933171072012-04-09T17:53:00.002+08:002012-04-09T17:54:37.514+08:00<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BjcXrV_druA/T4KxvBCa9lI/AAAAAAAAAco/P6L56TpJluA/s1600/kismis.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 238px; height: 180px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BjcXrV_druA/T4KxvBCa9lI/AAAAAAAAAco/P6L56TpJluA/s400/kismis.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729337097259251282" /></a><br /><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; ">sesiapa yang ingin menghafal Hadith hendaklah ia kerap memakan anggur kering”</em></strong><br />-Imam Zuhdi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Pada riwayat lain dari Abi Ja’far At-thusi disebutkan bahwa kismis dapat menghilangkan lendir dan menyihatkan jiwa”.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">InsyaAllah boleh membantu meningkatkan kecerdasan minda yang lemah dan pelupa. Digalakkan untuk mereka yang menghafal Al-Quran dan untuk pencapaian cemerlang dalam pelajaran.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Khasiat :<br />1. menguatkan daya ingatan<br />2. mengubati penyakit lupa<br />3. mencerdaskan minda<br />4. memutuskan balgham<br />5. membersihkan hati<br />6. mencerahkan mata</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Kismis adalah buah anggur yang dikeringkan. Penggunaan kismis (vitis vinifera) dalam pelbagai tradisi dan budaya mungkin berbeza di antara satu sama lain. Namanya juga berbeza di antara pelbagai budaya dan bahasa. Ia boleh dimakan mentah mahupun digunakan dalam masakan dan pembuatan kek. Kismis sangat manis disebabkan kepekatan gula yang tinggi dan sekiranya ia disimpan terlalu lama, maka gulanya akan membentuk kristal di dalam buahnya. Ini menyebabkan buahnya mengecut tetapi tidak menjejaskan kegunaanya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Sebanyak 60% berat kismis terdiri daripada gula, di mana separuh darinya adalah fruktosa dan separuh lagi adalah glukosa. Kismis sangat tinggi kandungan antioksidannya berbanding buah prune dan aprikot.<br />Kismis telah lama digunakan sebagai sumber diet bagi mendapatkan asid lemak perlu dan tokoferol sebagai antioksidan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Nama-nama bagi kismis:<br />Inggeris –> Grape seed / Raisin<br />Arab –> Zabib<br />Melayu –> Kismis<br />Saintifik/latin –> Vitis vinifera</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Khasiat dan Kegunaan Kismis:<br />1. Melindungi hati.<br />2. Memperbaiki sirkulasi (termasuk bagi kondisi seperti varicose veins, bengkak, lebam (bruise) dan kabur pandangan).<br />3. Melawaskan pembuangan air besar.<br />4. Memperbaiki tone dan keanjalan kulit<br />5. Membantu pelajar meningkatkan memori dan hafalan (tradisi perubatan Islam).<br />6. Melawan bakteria mulut (oral bacteria) yang menyebabkan pereputan gigi.</p><h1 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 22px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: normal; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; ">Keajaiban khasiat kismis</strong></h1><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Apabila ditanya apakah snek makanan ringan untuk kanak-kanak, jawapan yang biasa diterima adalah makanan seperti keropok, ais krim, gula-gula, lolipop, kerepek ubi kentang dan jeruk.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Walaupun sedar pelbagai kesan sampingan yang negatif terkandung dalam makanan ringan tersebut terutama penggunaan monosodium glutamate (MSG), gula dan pengawet yang tinggi, masih ramai ibu bapa tetap mengamalkan diet makanan ini.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Apa kata mulai hari ini, anda cuba ubah persepsi terhadap snek makanan iaitu menggantikannya dengan bahan makanan yang lebih berkhasiat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Kismis adalah salah satu alternatif bahan makanan yang wajar dijadikan snek makanan kepada anak-anak. Justeru, anda perlu mengubah persepsi bahawa kismis hanya bahan makanan yang dimakan sewaktu menjelang peperiksaan, majlis keramaian tertentu atau dimasukkan ke dalam roti atau kek.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Menurut Pakar Pembangunan Kanak-Kanak di sebuah hospital tempatan, Ruth Liew, ramai yang semakin lupa bahawa, kismis mempunyai kandungan gula daripada buah yang asli. Ia mampu memberi tenaga yang konsisten kepada kanak-kanak.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Memang gula-gula mampu memberi tenaga yang lebih, tetapi ia akan menyebabkan kanak-kanak menjadi hiper dan menjadi lemah apabila kandungan gula itu mula merosot.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Berlainan dengan kismis, dengan kismis, kanak-kanak akan dapat tenaga yang seimbang dan menyihatkan badan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Ia juga makanan ringan yang lebih baik daripada gula-gula. Gula-gula boleh meninggalkan kesan kerosakan pada gigi kanak-kanak dan tenaga yang diperoleh juga tidak sekata,” jelas Ruth pada satu sesi penerangan tentang kebaikan kismis kepada media di Kuala Lumpur baru-baru ini.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Katanya, kanak-kanak masa kini tidak lagi gemar dengan makanan yang terlalu pelbagai, sebaliknya mereka lebih gemar makanan yang lebih santai. Oleh kerana itu, ibu bapa perlu menjadikan kismis sebagai snek makanan ringan untuk anak-anak yang masih bersekolah.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Tambah Ruth, untuk menjadikan kismis sebagai snek ringan kepada anak-anak, ibu bapa perlu memainkan peranan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Bagi kanak-kanak atau golongan remaja yang sudah biasa atau gemar menikmati kismis begitu sahaja, ia bukan satu masalah lagi kepada ibu bapa.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Bila mereka tengok TV, jangan bagi mereka kuaci atau keropok sebaliknya beri mereka kismis. Bekalkan juga kismis ketika ke sekolah,” katanya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Namun, jika ada yang tidak gemar menikmati kismis dalam bentuk mentah, ia boleh dicampur dalam pelbagai hidangan lain dengan cara mempelbagaikan makanan yang dicampur dengan kismis dalam hidangan waktu pagi, petang dan malam.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Mereka mungkin tidak akan memilih kismis, tetapi ibu bapa perlu tahu khasiatnya. Terus beri galakan kepada anak-anak dengan mempelbagaikan masakan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Anda boleh campur kismis ke dalam bubur, sup, atau sayur-sayuran yang biasa dimakan anak-anak,” kata Ruth yang mengakui ia juga boleh diamalkan dalam diet orang dewasa.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Ruth yang menerima reaksi daripada ibu bapa yang memberi kismis kepada anak-anak juga memberitahu, hasil yang diperoleh amat positif.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Ada ibu bapa mula mempelbagaikan cara pemakanan dan ada juga yang memberi kismis seperti memakan vitamin setiap hari.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Malah, ada juga anak-anak yang gembira dengan amalan makanan anggur kering itu,” jelas Ruth yang turut mengamalkan memakan kismis sejak kecil lagi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Dalam Islam, kismis sudah lama disaran untuk pemakanan kanak-kanak kerana ia adalah makanan tambahan yang mampu merangsang minda dalam melahirkan generasi genius.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Menyedari kebaikan kismis dan kemampuannya menjadi snek dalam makanan kanak-kanak, masyarakat Barat turut mula mengambilnya dalam diet mereka.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Penelitian Christine D.Wu dari Universiti Illinois, Chicago, Amerika Syarikat mendapati kismis mengandungi antioksidan yang dapat melawan bakteria penyebab kerosakan gigi dan gusi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; ">Antara antioksidan itu adalah asid oleanolic, oleanolic aldehyde, betulin, asid betulin dan 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural.</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; ">PENCUCI mulut daripada kismis.</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Asid oleanolic mampu menghambat pertumbuhan dua spesies bakteria penghuni mulut iaitu streptoccus mutan, penyebab plak dan kerosakan gigi serta porphyromonas gingivalis, penyebab penyakit periodontal.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Sementara itu, pakar pemakanan dari sebuah hospital swasta, Tan Yen Sing, berkata, kajian juga mendapati kismis yang kaya dengan potassium dan rendah dalam sodium membantu mengurangkan tekanan darah tinggi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Malah, khasiat daripada kismis juga boleh mengurangkan risiko strok dan melemahkan perkembangan penyakit-penyakit organ dalam badan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Selain itu juga, kismis mengandungi fiber dan asid tartaric. Ia juga baik untuk kesihatan tulang dalam badan anda.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">Katanya, kismis mempunyai banyak khasiat pemakanan, serat, antioksidan, vitamin dan kalium yang merupakan nutrien penting untuk badan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Saya menafikan memakan kismis akan membuatkan anda gemuk. Ia adalah mitos. Ini kerana, manis yang ada pada kismis adalah manis buah-buahan yang asli.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Myriad Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; ">“Ia juga mudah untuk dibawa dan boleh dipelbagaikan dalam masakan seisi keluarga,” ujar Tan Yen Sing.</p>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-62454082648018019812012-04-04T06:13:00.001+08:002012-04-04T06:13:51.159+08:00Process Engineering Term - T<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: white; "><b>TANK BATTERY</b> - A group of tanks at a well site used to store oil prior to sale to a pipeline company.<br /><br /><b>TESTING</b> - When each new well is competed, a series of tests are run on the well. The various tests are used to estimate the daily deliverability, payout, and reserves.<br /><br /><b>TIGHT HOLE</b> - A drilling well about which all information - depth, formations encountered, drilling rate, logs - is kept secret by the operator.<br /><b></b></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-t.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><b>TOTAL DEPTH (T.D.)</b> - The depth of a well when drilling is completed. Total depth of a well is the vertical distance from the rig floor to the bottom of the hole. A 10,000-foot well may take 11,300 feet of casing to complete the well because the well bore has drifted several degrees from vertical, adding 1,300 feet to the depth of the hole, not the depth of the well.<br /><br /><b>TRAP </b>- A type of geological structure that retards the free migration of oil and concentrates the oil in a limited space. A mass of porous, permeable rock that is sealed on top and down both flanks by nonporous, impermeable rock, thus forming a trap.<br /><br /><b>TUBING</b> - Small diameter pipe which is installed in the casing. Oil is produced through tubing because it increases the viscosity of fluid and a well's flow capabilities.<br /><br /><b>TURNKEY CONTRACT</b> - A contract in which an operator or drilling contractor agrees to furnish all labor and materials necessary to drill a well to a certain depth or stage of completion for a specified sum of money. The operator or contractor assumes all of the responsibility and risks involved in completing the operation.<br /><br /><b>TALLY</b> - to measure and record the total length of pipe, casing, or tubing that is to be run in a well.<br /><br /><b>TAPER TAP</b> - a tap with a gradually decreasing diameter from the top. It is used to retrieve a hollow fish such as a drill collar and is the male counterpart of a die collar. The taper tap is run into a hollow fish and rotated to cut enough threads to provide a firm grip and permit the fish to be pulled and recovered.<br /><br /><b>TAPERED BOWL</b> - a fitting, usually divided into two halves, that crew members place inside the master bushing to hold the slips.<br /><br /><b>TAG </b>- to touch an object downhole with the drill stem.<br /><br /><b>TAG LINE</b> - in crane and truck operations, a rope attached to the bottom of a load suspended by the crane or truck, which, when grasped by a crew member, allows the crew member to prevent rotation and to assist in guiding the load.<br /><br /><b>TELESCOPING MAST</b> - a portable mast that can be erected as a unit, usually by a tackle that hoists the wireline or by a hydraulic ram. The upper section of a telescoping mast is generally nested (telescoped) inside the lower section of the structure and raised to full height either by the wireline or by a hydraulic system.<br /><br /><b>TEMPERATURE LOG</b> - a survey run in cased holes to locate the top of the cement in the annulus. Since cement generates a considerable amount of heat when setting, a temperature increase will be found at the level where cement is found behind the casing.<br /><br /><b>TEMPERATURE SURVEY</b> - an operation used to determine temperatures at various depths in the wellbore. It is also used to determine the height of cement behind the casing and to locate the source of water influx into the wellbore.<br /><br /><b>TERTIARY RECOVERY</b> - 1. the use of improved recovery methods that not only restore formation pressure but also improve oil displacement or fluid flow in the reservoir. 2. the use of any improved recovery method to remove additional oil after secondary recovery. Compare primary recovery, secondary recovery.<br /><br /><b>THERMAL RECOVERY</b> - a type of improved recovery in which heat is introduced into a reservoir to lower the viscosity of heavy oils and to facilitate their flow into producing wells. The pay zone may be heated by injecting steam (steam drive) or by injecting air and burning a portion of the oil in place (in situ combustion).<br /><br /><b>THROW THE CHAIN</b> - to jump the spinning chain up from a box end tool joint so that the chain wraps around the pin end tool joint after it is stabbed into the box. The stand or joint of drill pipe is turned or spun by a pull on the spinning chain from the cathead on the drawworks.<br /><br /><b>TIGHT FORMATION</b> - a petroleum- or water-bearing formation of relatively low porosity and permeability.<br /><br /><b>TIGHT SAND</b> - sand or sandstone formation with low permeability.<br /><br /><b>TIGHT SPOT</b> - a section of a borehole in which excessive wall cake has built up, reducing the hole diameter and making it difficult to run the tools in and out. Compare keyseat.<br /><br /><b>TONGS </b>- the large wrenches used for turning when making up or breaking out drill pipe, casing, tubing, or other pipe; variously called casing tongs, rotary tongs, and so forth according to the specific use. Power tongs or power wrenches are pneumatically or hydraulically operated tools that serve to spin the pipe up and, in some instances, to apply the final makeup torque.<br /><br /><b>TOOLPUSHER </b>- an employee of a drilling contractor who is in charge of the entire drilling crew and the drilling rig. Also called a rig superintendent, drilling foreman, or rig supervisor.<br /><br /><b>TOP DRIVE</b> - a device similar to a power swivel that is used in place of the rotary table to turn the drill stem.<br /><br /><b>TOP PLUG</b> - a cement wiper plug that follows cement slurry down the casing. It goes before the drilling mud used to displace the cement from the casing and separates the mud from the slurry. See cementing, wiper plug.<br /><br /><b>TORQUE </b>- the turning force that is applied to a shaft or other rotary mechanism to cause it to rotate or tend to do so. Torque is measured in foot-pounds, joules, newton-metres, and so forth.<br /><br /><b>TOTAL DEPTH (TD)</b> - the maximum depth reached in a well.<br /><br /><b>TOUR </b>- a working shift for drilling crew or other oilfield workers. Some tours are 8 hours; the three daily tours are called daylight, evening (or afternoon), and graveyard (or morning). 12-hour tours may also be used; they are called simply day tour and night tour.<br /><br /><b>TRACER </b>- a substance added to reservoir fluids to permit the movements of the fluid to be followed or traced. Dyes and radioactive substances are used as tracers in underground water flows and sometimes helium is used in gas. When samples of the water or gas taken some distance from the point of injection reveal signs of the tracer, the route of the fluids can be mapped.<br /><br /><b>TRACER LOG</b> - a survey that uses a radioactive tracer such as a gas, liquid, or solid having a high gamma ray emission. When the material is injected into any portion of the wellbore, the point of placement or movement can be recorded by a gamma ray instrument. The tracer log is used to determine channeling or the travel of squeezed cement behind a section of perforated casing.<br /><br /><b>TRAILER RIG</b> - a rig mounted on a wheeled and towed trailer. It has a mast, a rotary, and one or two engines.<br /><br /><b>TRANSMISSION</b> - the gear or chain arrangement by which power is transmitted from the prime mover to the drawworks, the mud pump, or the rotary table of a drilling rig.<br /><br /><b>TRAVELLING BLOCK</b> - an arrangement of pulleys, or sheaves, through which drilling cable is reeved, which moves up or down in the derrick or mast.<br /><br /><b>TRAVELLING VALVE</b> - one of the two valves in a sucker rod pumping system. It moves with the movement of the sucker rod string. On the upstroke, the ball member of the valve is seated, supporting the fluid load. On the downstroke, the ball is unseated, allowing fluid to enter into the production column. Compare standing valve.<br /><br /><b>TRIP </b>- the operation of hoisting the drill stem from and returning it to the wellbore. v: to insert or remove the drill stem into or out of the hole. Shortened form of "make a trip."<br /><br /><b>TRIP IN</b> - to go in the hole.<br /><br /><b>TRIP OUT</b> - to come out of the hole.<br /><br /><b>TRIPPING</b> - the operation of hoisting the drill stem out of and returning it into the wellbore.<br /><br /><b>TRUCK-MOUNTED RIG</b> - a well-servicing and workover rig that is mounted on a truck chassis.<br /><br /><b>TUBING </b>- relatively small-diameter pipe that is run into a well to serve as a conduit for the passage of oil and gas to the surface.<br /><br /><b>TUBING COUPLING</b> - a special connector used to connect lengths of tubing.<br /><br /><b>TUBING HANGER</b> - an arrangement of slips and packing rings used to suspend tubing from the tubing head.<br /><br /><b>TUBING HEAD</b> - a flanged fitting that supports the tubing string, seals off pressure between the casing and the outside of the tubing, and provides a connection that supports the Christmas tree.<br /><br /><b>TUBING PUMP</b> - a sucker rod pump in which the barrel is attached to the tubing.<br /><br /><b>TUBULAR GOODS</b> - any kind of pipe. Oilfield tubular goods include tubing, casing, drill pipe, drill collars and line pipe. Also called tubulars.<br /><br /><b>TUNGSTEN CARBIDE</b> - a fine, very hard, gray crystalline powder, a compound of tungsten and carbon. This compound is bonded with cobalt or nickel in cemented carbide compositions and used for cutting tools, abrasives, and dies.<br /><br /><b>TUNGSTEN CARBIDE BIT</b> - a type of roller cone bit with inserts made of tungsten carbide. Also called tungsten carbide insert bit.</span>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-15137467428393368332012-04-04T06:12:00.000+08:002012-04-04T06:13:14.407+08:00Process Engineering Term - S<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: white; "><b>SALES VALUE</b> - The proceeds received for the sale of the mineral.<br /><br /><b>SALT WATER DISPOSAL WELL</b> - Many wells produce salt water while producing oil. The disposal of this water is a problem to an operator because of pollution. The best solution to the problem is to pump the waste back into a formation that is deep enough not to pollute shallow water sands. Many stripper wells which are no longer commercial are converted for this purpose.<br /><br /><b>SATURATION </b>- (1) The extent to which the pore space in a formation contains hydrocarbons or connate water. (2) The extent to which gas is dissolved in the liquid hydrocarbons in a formation.<br /><b></b></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-s.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><b>SCOUT TICKETS</b> - A written report of wells drilling in the area. The reports contain all pertinent information - all that can be found out by the enterprising oil scout; operator, location, lease, drilling contractor, depth of well, formations encountered, results of drillstem tests, logs, etc. On tight holes the scout is reduced to surreptitious means to get information. Talks to water hauler, to well-service people who may be talkative or landowner’s brother-in-law. The bird-dogging scout estimates the drillpipe set-backs for approximate depth; he notes the acid trucks or the shooting (perforating) crew; and through his binoculars, he judges the expressions on the operator’s face: happy or disgruntled.<br /><br /><b>SECONDARY RECOVERY</b> - A broad term encompassing any method of extracting oil from a reservoir after a well or field has exhausted its primary production.<br /><br /><b>SEDIMENTARY ROCKS</b> - Rock is generally classified in one of three categories: a. Sedimentary; b. Igneous; c. Metamorphic.<br /><br /><b>SEPARATOR GAS</b> - Natural gas separated out of the oil by a separator at the well.<br /><br /><b>SERVICE ZONE COMPLETION</b> - The interval in a well bore that has been mechanically prepared for service use, usually water or gas injection to stimulate production from other wells or for water or other waste disposal.<br /><br /><b>SET CASING</b> - To cement casing in the hole. The cement is pumped downhole to the bottom of the well and is forced up a certain distance into the annular space between casing and the rock wall of the drill hole. It is then allowed to harden, thus sealing off upper formations that may contain water. The small amount of cement in the casing is drilled out in preparation for perforating to permit the oil to enter the casing. The decision to set casing (or pipe) is an indication that the operator believes he has a commercial well.<br /><br /><b>SETTLED PRODUCTION</b> - The second phase of production in the producing life of a well. (see IP).<br /><br /><b>SHALE </b>- A very fine-grained sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation and compression of clay, silt, or mud. It has a finely laminated or layered structure. Shale breaks easily into thin parallel layers; a thinly laminated siltstone, mudstone, or claystone. Shale is soft, but sufficiently hard packed (indurated), so as not to disintegrate upon becoming wet. However, some shales absorb water and swell considerable, causing problems in well drilling. Most shales are compacted, and consequently, do not contain commercial quantities of oil and gas.<br /><br /><b>SHOT HOLE</b> - A small-diameter hole, usually drilled with a portable, truck-mounted drill, for “planting” explosive charges in seismic operations.<br /><br /><b>SHUT IN</b> - To close the valves at the wellhead so that the well stops flowing or producing; also describes a well on which the valves have been closed.<br /><br /><b>SHUT-IN PAYMENTS</b> - Payments made for any producible well on the Federal OCS that is temporarily closed down. (See Shut-in zone completion.)<br /><br /><b>SOUR GAS</b> - Natural gas containing chemical impurities, a notable hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or other sulfur compounds that make it extremely harmful to breathe even small amounts; a gas with disagreeable odor resembling that of rotten eggs.<br /><br /><b>SQUEEZING A WELL</b> - A technique to seal off with cement a section of the well bore where a leak or incursion of water or gas occurs; forcing to the bottom of the casing and up the annular space between the casing and the wall of the borehole to seal off a formation or plug a leak in the casing; a squeeze job.<br /><br /><b>STRATIGRAPHIC TEST</b> - A test well drilled to obtain information on the thickness, lithology, porosity, and permeability of the rock layers drilled through or to locate a key bed. Such wells are often drilled to evaluate a potentially productive pay zone.<br /><br /><b>STRIPPER WELL</b> - The final state in the life of a producing well.<br /><br /><b>STRUCTURAL TRAP</b> - A fold or break (or both) in the earth's crust which creates an impervious trap for oil and gas. Oil will migrate underground through rock until it is "trapped".<br /><br /><b>SUCKER ROD</b> - Steel rods that are screwed together to form a “string” that connects the pump inside a well’s tubing downhole to the pumping jack on the surface; pumping rods.<br /><br /><b>SURFACE PIPE</b> - Pipe which is set with cement through the shallow water sands to avoid polluting the water and keep the sand from caving in while drilling a well.<br /><br /><b>SUSPENDED WELL</b> - A well on which operations have been discontinued. The usual context is an uncompleted well in which operations ceased during drilling but which has not been plugged and abandoned permanently.<br /><br /><b>SWAB</b> - A tool which is lowered down the pipe on a wire line. The "swab" is then pulled out of the hole. As it travels up the pipe, rubber elements expand so that the fluid in the pipe is trapped above the swab and pushed to the surface. This operation is necessary when the formation pressure is not high enough to blow the fluids in the pipe to the surface.<br /><br /><b>SWEET CRUDE</b> - Crude oil containing very little sulfur and having a good odor.<br /><br /><b>SWEET GAS</b> - Natural gas free of significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) when produced.<br /><br /><b>3-D SEISMIC PROGRAM</b> - Seismic surveys shot from surfaces to map underground stratigraphy; to profile the underlying strata in search of up-dips, down dips, faults, and other promising anomalies.</span>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-68055231506588965302012-04-03T08:12:00.000+08:002012-04-03T08:13:06.017+08:00Process Engineering Term - R<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: white; "><b>REEF RESERVOIR</b> - A type of reservoir trap composed of rocks, usually limestone, made up of the skeletal remains of marine animals. Reef reservoirs are often characterized by high initial production that falls off rapidly, requiring pressure maintenance techniques to sustain production.<br /><br /><b>RESERVOIR </b>- A porous, permeable sedimentary rock formation containing quantities of oil and/or gas enclosed or surrounded by layers of less-permeable or impervious rock; a structural trap; a stratigraphic trap.<br /><br /><b>REWORK OPERATIONS</b> - Any major operation performed on a well after its completion in an attempt to restore or improve its ability to produce.<br /><b></b></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-r.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><b>ROTARY TONGS</b> - The massive, counter-weighted tongs used on the drill floor to screw joints of drillpipe, tubing or casing; the generic term for the heavy wrenches used by the rough necks on the rig floor.<br /><br /><b>ROYALTY, LANDOWNER’S</b> - A share of gross production of oil and gas, free of all costs of production. Occasionally, the term is used to describe an interest in production created by the landowner outside the lease and distinguished from the conventional lessor’s royalty. In this case the landowner’s royalty, outside of the lease, may have any specified duration. In general usage, landowner’s and lessor’s royalty are synonymous.<br /><br /><b>RACK</b> - 1. framework for supporting or containing a number of loose objects, such as pipe. See pipe rack. 2. a bar with teeth on one face for gearing with a pinion or worm gear. 3. a notched bar used as a ratchet. v: 1. to place on a rack. 2. to use as a rack.<br /><br /><b>RADIOACTIVITY LOG</b> - a record of the natural or induced radioactive characteristics of subsurface formations. Also called nuclear log. See radioactivity well logging.<br /><br /><b>RADIOACTIVITY WELL LOGGING</b> - the recording of the natural or induced radioactive characteristics of subsurface formations. A radioactivity log, also known as a radiation log or a nuclear log, normally consists of two recorded curves: a gamma ray curve and a neutron curve. Both help to determine the types of rocks in the formation and the types of fluids contained in the rocks.<br /><br /><b>RAM </b>- the closing and sealing component on a blowout preventer. One of three types—blind, pipe, or shear—may be installed in several preventers mounted in a stack on top of the wellbore. Blind rams, when closed, form a seal on a hole that has no drill pipe in it; pipe rams, when closed, seal around the pipe; shear rams cut through drill pipe and then form a seal.<br /><br /><b>RAM BLOWOUT PREVENTER</b> - a blowout preventer that uses rams to seal off pressure on a hole that is with or without pipe. It is also called a ram preventer. Ram-type preventers have interchangeable ram blocks to accommodate different O.D. drill pipe, casing, or tubing.<br /><br /><b>RANGE OF LOAD</b> - in sucker rod pumping, the difference between the polished rod peak load on the upstroke and the minimum load on the downstroke.<br /><br /><b>RATE OF PENETRATION (ROP)</b> - a measure of the speed at which the bit drills into formations, usually expressed in feet (meters) per hour or minutes per foot (meter).<br /><br /><b>RATHOLE </b>- 1. a hole in the rig floor, some 30 to 40 feet (9 to 12 meters) deep, which is lined with casing that projects above the floor, into which the kelly and the swivel are placed when hoisting operations are in progress. 2. a hole of a diameter smaller than the main hole and drilled in the bottom of the main hole. v: to reduce the size of the wellbore and drill ahead.<br /><br /><b>RATHOLE CONNECTION</b> - the addition of a length of drill pipe or tubing to the active string using the rathole instead of the mousehole, which is the more common connection. Compare <a href="http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glossary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_m.html#mousehole_connection" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; ">mousehole connection</a>.<br /><br /><b>RATHOLE RIG</b> - a small, usually truck-mounted rig, the purpose of which is to drill ratholes for regular drilling rigs that will be moved in later. A rathole rig may also drill the top part of the hole, the conductor hole, before the main rig arrives on location.<br /><br /><b>REAM </b>- to enlarge the wellbore by drilling it again with a special bit.<br /><br /><b>REAMER </b>- a tool used in drilling to smooth the wall of a well, enlarge the hole to the specified size, help stabilize the bit, straighten the wellbore if kinks or doglegs are encountered, and drill directionally.<br /><br /><b>RECIPROCATING MOTION</b> - back-and-forth or up-and-down movement, such as that of a piston in a cylinder.<br /><br /><b>RECIPROCATING PUMP</b> - a pump consisting of a piston that moves back and forth or up and down in a cylinder. The cylinder is equipped with inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge) valves. On the intake stroke, the suction valves are opened, and fluid is drawn into the cylinder. On the discharge stroke, the suction valves close, the discharge valves open, and fluid is forced out of the cylinder.<br /><br /><b>RECOMPLETION </b>- after the initial completion of a well, the action and techniques of reentering the well and redoing or repairing the original completion to restore the well’s productivity.<br /><br /><b>REEVE </b>- to string a wire rope drilling line through the sheaves of the traveling and crown blocks to the hoisting drum.<br /><br /><b>REMOTE BOP CONTROL PANEL</b> - a device placed on the rig floor that can be operated by the driller to direct air pressure to actuating cylinders that turn the control valves on the main BOP control unit, located a safe distance from the rig.<br /><br /><b>REMOTE CHOKE PANEL</b> - a set of controls, usually placed on the rig floor, or elsewhere on location, that is manipulated to control the amount of drilling fluid being circulated through the choke manifold. This procedure is necessary when a kick is being circulated out of a well. See choke manifold.<br /><br /><b>RESERVE PIT</b> - 1. (obsolete) a mud pit in which a supply of drilling fluid is stored.<br /><br /><b>RESERVES </b>- the unproduced but recoverable oil or gas in a formation that has been proved by production.<br /><br /><b>RESERVE TANK</b> - a special mud tank that holds mud that is not being actively circulated. A reserve tank usually contains a different type of mud from that which the pump is currently circulating. For example, it may store heavy mud for emergency well-control operations.<br /><br /><b>RESERVOIR </b>- a subsurface, porous, permeable or naturally fractured rock body in which oil or gas are stored. Most reservoir rocks are limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of these. The four basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, volatile oil, dry gas, and gas condensate. An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids—gas, oil, and water—with oil the dominant product. In the typical oil reservoir, these fluids become vertically segregated because of their different densities. Gas, the lightest, occupies the upper part of the reservoir rocks; water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate section. In addition to its occurrence as a cap or in solution, gas may accumulate independently of the oil; if so, the reservoir is called a gas reservoir. Associated with the gas, in most instances, are salt water and some oil. Volatile oil reservoirs are exceptional in that during early production they are mostly productive of light oil plus gas, but, as depletion occurs, production can become almost totally completely gas. Volatile oils are usually good candidates for pressure maintenance, which can result in increased reserves. In the typical dry gas reservoir natural gas exists only as a gas and production is only gas plus fresh water that condenses from the flow stream reservoir. In a gas condensate reservoir, the hydrocarbons may exist as a gas, but, when brought to the surface, some of the heavier hydrocarbons condense and become a liquid.<br /><br /><b>RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM</b> - the process in which reservoir fluids are caused to flow out of the reservoir rock and into a wellbore by natural energy. Gas drive depends on the fact that, as the reservoir is produced, pressure is reduced, allowing the gas to expand and provide the principal driving energy. Water drive reservoirs depend on water and rock expansion to force the hydrocarbons out of the reservoir and into the wellbore. Also called natural drive energy.<br /><br /><b>RESERVOIR OIL</b> - oil in place in the reservoir; retained in a reservoir as residual gas saturation is an inverse function of the pressure, due to the physics of gas.<br /><br /><b>RESERVOIR PRESSURE</b> - the average pressure within the reservoir at any given time. Determination of this value is best made by bottomhole pressure measurements with adequate shut-in time. If a shut-in period long enough for the reservoir pressure to stabilize is impractical, then various techniques of analysis by pressure buildup or drawdown tests are available to determine static reservoir pressure.<br /><br /><b>RESERVOIR ROCK</b> - a permeable rock that may contain oil or gas in appreciable quantity and through which petroleum may migrate.<br /><br /><b>RESISTIVITY </b>- the electrical resistance offered to the passage of current; the opposite of conductivity.<br /><br /><b>RESISTIVITY LOG</b> - a record of the resistivity of a formation. Usually obtained when an electric log is run. See resistivity well logging.<br /><br /><b>RESISTIVITY WELL LOGGING</b> - the recording of the resistance of formation water to natural or induced electrical current. The mineral content of subsurface water allows it to conduct electricity. Rock, oil, and gas are poor conductors. Resistivity measurements can be correlated to formation lithology, porosity, permeability, and saturation and are very useful in formation evaluation.<br /><br /><b>RETRIEVABLE PACKER</b> - a packer that can be pulled out of the well to be repaired or replaced.<br /><br /><b>RESERVE CIRCULATION</b> - the course of drilling fluid downward through the annulus and upward through the drill stem, in contrast to normal circulation in which the course is downward through the drill stem and upward through the annulus. Seldom used in open hole, but frequently used in workover operations.<br /><br /><b>REWORK </b>- to restore production from an existing formation when it has fallen off substantially or ceased altogether.<br /><br /><b>RIG</b> - the derrick or mast, drawworks, and attendant surface equipment of a drilling or workover unit.<br /><br /><b>RIG DOWN</b> - to dismantle a drilling rig and auxiliary equipment following the completion of drilling operations. Also called tear down.<br /><br /><b>RIG FLOOR</b> - the area immediately around the rotary table and extending to each corner of the derrick or mast—that is, the area immediately above the substructure on which the rotary table, and so forth rest.<br /><br /><b>RIG UP</b> - to prepare the drilling rig for making hole, for example, to install tools and machinery before drilling is started.<br /><br /><b>ROD BLOWOUT PREVENTER</b> - a ram device used to close the annular space around the polished rod or sucker rod in a pumping well.<br /><br /><b>ROD HANGER</b> - a device used to hang sucker rods on the mast or in the derrick.<br /><br /><b>ROD STRING</b> - a sucker rod string, that is, the entire length of sucker rods, which usually consists of several single rods screwed together. The rod string serves as a mechanical link from the beam pumping unit on the surface to the sucker rod pump near the bottom of the well.<br /><br /><b>ROLLER CHAIN </b>- a type of chain that is used to transmit power by fitting over sprockets attached to shafts, causing rotation of one shaft by the rotation of another. Transmission roller chain consists of offset links, pin links, and roller links.<br /><br /><b>ROTARY </b>- the machine used to impart rotational power to the drill stem while permitting vertical movement of the pipe for rotary drilling. Modern rotary machines have a special component, the rotary or master bushing, to turn the kelly bushing, which permits vertical movement of the kelly while the stem is turning.<br /><br /><b>ROTARY DRILLING</b> - a drilling method in which a hole is drilled by a rotating bit to which a downward force is applied. The bit is fastened to and rotated by the drill stem, which also provides a passageway through which the drilling fluid is circulated. Additional joints of drill pipe are added as drilling progresses.<br /><b><br />ROTARY HELPER</b> - a worker on a drilling or workover rig, subordinate to the driller, whose primary work station is on the rig floor. Sometimes called floorhand, floorman, rig crew member, or roughneck.<br /><br /><b>ROTARY HOSE</b> - the hose on a rotary drilling rig that conducts the drilling fluid from the mud pump and standpipe to the swivel and kelly; also called the mud hose or the kelly hose. It is a steel-reinforced, flexible hose that is installed between the standpipe and the swivel or top drive.<br /><br /><b>ROTARY SHOE</b> - a length of pipe whose bottom edge is serrated or dressed with a hard cutting material and that is run into the wellbore around the outside of stuck casing, pipe, or tubing to mill away the obstruction.<br /><br /><b>ROTARY SPEED</b> - the speed, measured in revolutions per minute, at which the rotary table is operated.<br /><br /><b>ROTARY SUPPORT TABLE</b> - a strong but relatively lightweight device used on some rigs that employ a top drive to rotate the bit. Although a conventional rotary table is not required to rotate the bit on such rigs, crew members must still have a place to set the slips to suspend the drill string in the hole when tripping or making a connection. A rotary support table provides such a place but does not include all the rotary machinery required in a regular rotary table.<br /><br /><b>ROTARY TABLE</b> - The principal component of a rotary, or rotary machine, used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling assembly. It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and an opening into which bushings are fitted to drive and support the drilling assembly.<br /><br /><b>ROUND TRIP</b> - the procedure of pulling out and subsequently running back into the hole a string of drill pipe or tubing. Also called tripping.<br /><b><br />RUN CASING</b> - to lower a string of casing into the hole. Also called to run pipe.<br /><br /><b>RUN IN</b> - to go into the hole with tubing, drill pipe, and so forth.<br /><br /><b>RUN PIPE</b> - to lower a string of casing into the hole. Also called to run casing.</span>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-67493134550241052522012-04-03T08:11:00.000+08:002012-04-03T08:12:18.830+08:00Process Engineering Term - P<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: white; "><b>PACKER </b>- An expanding plug used in a well to seal off certain secti0ons of the tubing or casing when cementing and acidizing or when a production formation is to be isolated. Packers are run on the tubing or the casing and when in position can be expanded mechanically or hydraulically against the pipe wall or the wall of the well bore.<br /><br /><b>PARAFFIN</b> - A white, odorless, tasteless, chemically inert, waxy substance derived from distilling petroleum; a crystalline, flammable substance composed of saturated hydrocarbons.<br /><br /><b>PAYOUT </b>- When the costs of drilling, producing and operating have been recouped from the sale of products on a well.<br /><b></b></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-p.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><b>PERFORATING GUN</b> - A special tool used downhole for shooting holes in the well’s casing opposite the producing formation. The gun, a steel tube of various lengths, has steel projectiles placed at intervals over its outer circumference, perpendicular to the gun’s long axis. When lowered into the well’s casing on a wireline opposite the formation to be produced, the gun is fired electrically, shooting numerous holes in the casing that permit the oil or gas to flow into the casing.<br /><br /><b>PERMEABILITY </b>- A measure of the resistance of rock to the movement of fluids. Rocks may have holes or void spaces in them (porosity), but if these holes do not connect, the permeability can be drastically reduced.<br /><br /><b>PINCHOUT </b>- The disappearance or “wedging out” of a porous, permeable formation between two layers of impervious rock. The gradual, vertical “thinning” of a formation, over a horizontal or near-horizontal distance, until it disappears.<br /><br /><b>PIPELINE GAS</b> - Gas under sufficient pressure to enter the high-pressure gas lines of a purchaser; gas sufficiently dry so that liquid hydrocarbons - natural gasoline, butane, and other gas liquids usually present in natural gas - will not condense or drop out in the transmission lines.<br /><br /><b>PLUG </b>- To fill a well’s borehole with cement or other impervious material to prevent the flow of water, gas or oil from one strata to another when a well is abandoned; to screw a metal plug into a pipeline to shut off drainage or to divert the stream of oil to a connecting line to stop the flow of oil or gas.<br /><br /><b>PLUGGING A WELL</b> - To fill up the borehole of an abandoned well with mud and cement to prevent the flow of water or oil from one strata to another or to the surface. In the industry’s early years, wells were often improperly plugged or left open. Modern practice requires that an abandoned well be properly and securely plugged.<br /><br /><b>POROSITY </b>- A measure of the relative volume of void space in rock to the total rock volume. These spaces or pores are where oil and gas accumulate; therefore, a formation containing a high percentage of porosity can contain more hydrocarbons.<br /><br /><b>PROVEN RESERVES</b> - Oil and gas which has not been produced but has been located and is recoverable.<br /><br /><b>PUMP, CASING</b> - A sucker-rod pump designed to pump oil up through the casing instead of the more common method of pumping through tubing. A casing pump is run into the well on the sucker rods; a packer on the top or bottom of the pump barrel provides packoff or seal between the pump and the wall of the casing at any desired depth. Oil is discharged from the pump into the casing and out the wellhead.<br /><br /><b>PUMP, ROD</b> - A class of downhole pumps in which the barrel, plunger, and standing valve are assembled and lowered into the well through the tubing. When lowered to its pumping position, the pump is locked to the tubing to permit relative motion between plunger and barrel. The locking device is a holddown and consists either of cups or a mechanical, metal-to-metal seal.<br /><br /><b>PUMPING UNIT</b> - A pump connected to a source of power; an oil-well pumping jack; a pipeline pump and engine.<br /><br /><b>PUMPER </b>- An employee of an operator who is responsible for gauging the oil and gas sold off the leases he has been assigned and who is also responsible for maintaining and reporting the daily production.<br /><br /><b>PLANNING AREA</b> - A subdivision of an offshore area used as the initial basis for considering blocks to be offered for lease.<br /><br /><b>PLUGGED AND ABANDONED </b>- Wells in which casings have been removed, and the well bore sealed with mechanical or cement plugs.<br /><br /><b>PRODUCIBLE LEASE</b> - A lease where one well or several wells have discovered hydrocarbons in paying quantities, but for which there is no production during the reporting period.<br /><br /><b>PRODUCIBLE ZONE COMPLETION</b> - The interval in a wellbore that has been mechanically prepared to produce oil, gas, or sulphur. There can be more than one zone completed for production in a wellbore.<br /><br /><b>PRODUCING LEASE</b> - A lease that is producing oil, gas, or sulphur in quantities sufficient to generate royalties.<br /><br /><b>PRODUCTION </b>- The phase of oil and gas operations involved with well fluids extraction, separation, treatment, measurement, etc.<br /><br /><b>PROVEN RESERVES</b> - Reserves that can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be recovered under current economic conditions. Current economic conditions include processing costs prevailing at the time of the estimate. Proved reserves must either have facilities that are operational at the time of the estimate to process and transport those reserves to market, or a commitment of reasonable expectation to install such facilities in the future. Proved reserves can be subdivided into undeveloped and developed.</span>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-15844269483955273682012-04-01T17:56:00.001+08:002012-04-01T17:56:20.501+08:00Process Engineering Term - O<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: white; "><b>OFFSET WELL</b> - (1) A well drilled on the next location to the original well. The distance form the first well to the offset well depends upon spacing regulations and whether the original well produces oil or gas. (2) A well drilled on one tract of land to prevent the drainage of oil or gas to an adjoining tract where a well is being drilled or is already producing.<br /><br /><b>OIL </b>- A liquid hydrocarbon.<br /><br /><b>OIL BEHIND THE PIPE</b> - Refers to oil and gas sands or formations knowingly passed through, never produced. Such formations usually were of low permeability (tight formations) that, say 20 years ago, were uneconomical to produce when oil was around $5 or less a barrel. Other times formations would be purposely ignored because the operator was going deeper for bigger game, so the less-spectacular, plain-Jane sands were cased off. When the price of crude oil reached $30 per barrel, the bypassed formations looked pretty good and were opened up and produced.<br /><b></b></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-o.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><b>OIL-CUT MUD</b> - Drilling mud with which crude oil has been unintentionally mixed. This may occur when drilling into or through an oil-bearing formation whose pressure is sufficient to overcome the pressure or weight of the column of mud in the hole. Oil also may become mixed with the drilling mud when a drillstem test is taken.<br /><br /><b>OIL GRAVITY</b> - The most widely used indicator of a crude oil's worth to the producer is its API gravity. Normally, the price which a producer receives for his oil depends on its gravity, the less dense oils (higher API gravity) being the most valuable. This price schedule is based on the premise that the lighter oil contains higher percentages of the more valuable products such as gasoline. API Gravity (degrees) = (141.5/sp.gr.) - 131.5.<br /><br /><b>OIL IN PLACE</b> - Crude oil estimated to exist in a field or a reservoir; oil in the formation not yet produced<br /><br /><b>OIL & GAS LEASES</b> - A contract between an oil operator and a landowner which gives the operator the right to drill for oil and gas on his property for a consideration. It is simply a "ticket to hunt".<br /><br /><b>OIL LOST </b>- Oil that is spilled or burned (i.e., oil not retained in the production system for sale).<br /><br /><b>ON THE PUMP</b> - An expression that means a well is incapable of flowing and that the oil is being pumped to the surface by a "pumping unit".<br /><br /><b>OPEN HOLE</b> - An uncased well bore; the section of the well bore below the casing; a well in which there is no protective string of pipe.<br /><br /><b>OPEN-HOLE LOGGING</b> - Logging operations in an uncased well bore. The well is logged below the relatively shallow surface pipe.<br /><br /><b>OPERATING EXPENSE</b> - The expenses incurred through the operation of producing properties.<br /><br /><b>OPERATOR </b>- The individual, partnership, firm, or corporation having control or management of operations on a leased area or a portion thereof. The operator may be a lessee, designated agent of the lessee, holder of rights under an approved operation agreement, or an agent of an operating rights holder.<br /><br /><b>ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)</b> - Oil producing and exporting countries in the Middle East, Africa, and South America that have organized for the purpose of negotiating with oil companies on matters of oil production, prices, and future concession rights. OPEC was created in 1960.<br /><br /><b>OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF (OCS)</b> - All submerged lands seaward and outside the area of lands beneath navigable waters. Lands beneath navigable waters are interpreted as extending from the coastline 3 nautical miles into the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Gulf of Mexico excluding the coastal waters off Texas and western Florida. Lands beneath navigable waters are interpreted as extending from the coastline 3 marine leagues into the Gulf of Mexico off Texas and western Florida.</span>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-27747890566736636642012-04-01T17:55:00.001+08:002012-04-01T17:55:53.274+08:00Process Engineering Term - N<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: white; "><b>NATURAL GAS</b> - a highly compressible, highly expansible mixture of hydrocarbons with a low specific gravity and occurring naturally in a gaseous form.<br /><br /><b>NET PROFIT SHARE LEASE</b> - An OCS lease that provides for payment to the U.S. of a percentage share of the net profits for production of oil and gas from the tract. The percentage share may be fixed in the notice of the lease sale or may be a variable of the bid, depending on the bidding system used for the lease sale.<br /><br /><b>NEUTRON LOG</b> - a radioactivity well log used to determine formation porosity. The logging tool bombards the formation with neutrons. When the neutrons strike hydrogen atoms in water or oil, gamma rays are released. Since water or oil exists only in pore spaces, a measurement of the gamma rays indicates formation porosity. See radioactivity well logging.<br /><b></b></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-n.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><b>NIGHT TOOLPUSHER</b> - an assistant toolpusher whose duty hours are typically during nighttime hours. Also known as a tourpusher.<br /><br /><b>NIPPLE </b>- a tubular pipe fitting threaded on both ends used for making connections between pipe joints and other tools.<br /><br /><b>NIPPLE UP</b> - in drilling, to assemble the blowout preventer stack on the wellhead at the surface.<br /><br /><b>NITRO SHOOTING</b> - a formation-stimulation process first used about 100 years ago in Pennsylvania. Nitroglycerine is placed in a well and exploded to fracture.<br /><br /><b>NORMAL CIRCULATION</b> - the smooth, uninterrupted circulation of drilling fluid down the drill stem, out the bit, up the annular space between the pipe and the hole, and back to the surface.<br /><br /><b>NOZZLE </b>- 1. a passageway through jet bits that causes the drilling fluid to be ejected from the bit at high velocity.<br /><br /><b>NRI (Net Revenue Interest)</b> - That percent of the production revenue allocated to the working interest after first deducting proceeds allocated to royalty and overriding interest.<br /><br /><b>NUCLEAR TRACER</b> - a gas, liquid, or solid material that emits gamma rays.</span>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-10619228012013700322012-03-31T01:27:00.001+08:002012-03-31T01:27:46.175+08:00Process Engineering Term - M<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: white; "><b>MARGINAL PROBABILITY OF HYDROCARBONS (MPHC)</b> - The probability that oil and gas occur in commercial quantities, using existing recovery technology under current economic conditions.<br /><br /><b>MINIMUM ROYALTY</b> - The lowest payment a lessee can pay on an OCS lease after production begins. It is equivalent to the yearly rental, typically $3 per acre or $8 per hectare. Rentals are paid annually before a discovery; royalties are paid on production after a discovery. If the total royalty payments amount to less than the yearly rental, the minimum royalty payments make up the difference.<br /><br /><b>MACARONI STRING</b> - a string of tubing or pipe, usually 3/4 or 1 inch (1.9 or 2.54 centimeters) in diameter.<br /><b></b></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-m.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><b>MAKE A CONNECTION</b> - to attach a joint or stand of drill pipe onto the drill stem suspended in the wellbore to permit deepening the wellbore by the length of the pipe.<br /><br /><b>MAKE UP</b> - 1. to assemble and join parts to form a complete unit (for example, to make up a string of drill pipe). 2. to screw together two threaded pieces. Compare break out. 3. to mix or prepare (for example, to make up a tank of mud). 4. to compensate for (for example, to make up for lost time).<br /><br /><b>MAKE UP A JOINT</b> - to screw a length of pipe into another length of pipe.<br /><br /><b>MAKEUP CATHEAD</b> - a device that is attached to the shaft of the drawworks and used as a power source for making up joints of pipe. It is usually located on the driller’s side of the drawworks. Also called spinning cathead.<br /><br /><b>MAKEUP TONGS</b> - tongs used for screwing one length of pipe into another for making up a joint. Compare breakout tongs. See also tongs.<br /><br /><b>MALE CONNECTION</b> - a pipe, coupling, or tool that has threads on the outside so that it can be joined to a female connection.<br /><br /><b>MANDREL</b> - a cylindrical bar, spindle, or shaft around which other parts are arranged or attached or that fits inside a cylinder or tube.<br /><br /><b>MANIFOLD</b> - 1. an accessory system of piping to a main piping system (or another conductor) that serves to divide a flow into several parts, to combine several flows into one, or to reroute a flow to any one of several possible destinations.<br /><br /><b>MAST </b>- a portable derrick that is capable of being raised as a unit, as distinguished from a standard derrick, which cannot be raised to a working position as a unit. For transporting by land, the mast can be divided into two or more sections to avoid excessive length extending from truck beds on the highway.<br /><br /><b>MASTER BUSHING </b>- a device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips and drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the rotary table can be transmitted to the kelly.<br /><br /><b>MASTER VALVE</b> - 1. a large valve located on the Christmas tree and used to control the flow of oil and gas from a well. Also called master gate.<br /><br /><b>MECHANICAL JAR</b> - a percussion tool operated mechanically to give an upward thrust to a fish by the sudden release of a tripping device inside the tool. If the fish can be freed by an upward blow, the mechanical jar can be very effective.<br /><br /><b>MECHANICAL LOG</b> - a log of, for instance, rate of penetration or amount of gas in the mud, obtained at the surface by mechanical means. See mud logging.<br /><br /><b>MECHANICAL RIG</b> - a drilling rig in which the source of power is one or more internal-combustion engines and in which the power is distributed to rig components through mechanical devices (such as chains, sprockets, clutches, and shafts). Also called a power rig.<br /><br /><b>MILL </b>- a downhole tool with rough, sharp, extremely hard cutting surfaces for removing metal, packers, cement, sand, or scale by grinding or cutting.<br /><br /><b>MISCIBLE DRIVE</b> - method of enhanced recovery in which various hydrocarbon solvents or gases (such as propane, LPG, natural gas, carbon dioxide, or a mixture thereof) are injected into the reservoir to reduce interfacial forces between oil and water in the pore channels and thus displace oil from the reservoir rock. See chemical flooding, gas injection.<br /><br /><b>MIXING TANK</b> - any tank or vessel used to mix components of a substance (as in the mixing of additives with drilling mud).<br /><br /><b>MIX MUD</b> - to prepare drilling fluids.<br /><br /><b>MONITOR </b>- an instrument that reports the performance of a control device or signals if unusual conditions appear in a system.<br /><br /><b>MONKEYBOARD </b>- the derrickhand’s working platform. As pipe or tubing is run into or out of the hole, the derrickhand must handle the top end of the pipe, which may be as high as 90 feet (27 meters) or higher in the derrick or mast.<br /><br /><b>MORNING TOUR</b> - a work shift that generally begins at or near midnight. See graveyard tour.<br /><br /><b>MOTORHAND</b> - the crew member on a rotary drilling rig, who is responsible for the care and operation of drilling engines. Also called motorman.<br /><br /><b>MOTOR </b>- any of various power units, such as a hydraulic, internal combustion, air, or electric device, that develops energy or imparts motion. Compare engine.<br /><br /><b>MOUSEHOLE </b>- shallow bores under the rig floor, usually lined with pipe, in which joints of drill pipe are temporarily suspended for later connection to the drill string.<br /><br /><b>MOUSEHOLE CONNECTION</b> - the procedure of adding a length of drill pipe or tubing to the active string.<br /><br /><b>MUD </b>- the liquid circulated through the wellbore during rotary drilling and workover operations.<br /><br /><b>MUD ACID </b>- a mixture of hydrochloric and/or hydrofluoric acids and surfactants used to remove wall cake from the wellbore.<br /><br /><b>MUD CAKE</b> - the sheath of mud solids that forms on the wall of the hole when liquid from mud filters into the formation. Also called filter cake or wall cake.<br /><br /><b>MUD CENTRIFUGE</b> - a device that uses centrifugal force to separate small solid components from liquid drilling fluid.<br /><br /><b>MUD CLEANER</b> - a cone-shaped device, a hydrocyclone, designed to remove very fine solid particles from the drilling mud.<br /><br /><b>MUD ENGINEER</b> - an employee of a drilling fluid supply company whose duty it is to test and maintain the drilling mud properties that are specified by the operator.<br /><br /><b>MUD GAS-SEPARATOR</b> - a device that removes gas from the mud coming out of a well when a kick is being circulated out.<br /><br /><b>MUD HOSE</b> - also called kelly hose or rotary hose. See rotary hose.<br /><br /><b>MUD LINE</b> - a mud return line.<br /><br /><b>MUD LOGGING</b> - the recording of information derived from examination and analysis of formation cuttings made by the bit and of mud circulated out of the hole. A portion of the mud is diverted through a gas-detecting device. Cuttings brought up by the mud are examined under ultraviolet light to detect the presence of oil or gas. Mud logging is often carried out in a portable laboratory set up at the well site.<br /><br /><b>MUD PIT</b> - originally, an open pit dug in the ground to hold drilling fluid or waste materials discarded after the treatment of drilling mud. For some drilling operations, mud pits are used for suction to the mud pumps, settling of mud sediments, and storage of reserve mud. Steel tanks are much more commonly used for these purposes now, but they are still usually referred to as pits.<br /><br /><b>MUD PUMP</b> - a large, high-pressure reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud on a drilling rig. A typical mud pump is a two or three-cylinder piston pump whose replaceable pistons travel in replaceable liners and are driven by a crankshaft actuated by an engine or a motor.<br /><br /><b>MUD RETURN LINE</b> - a trough or pipe that is placed between the surface connections at the wellbore and the shale shaker.<br /><br /><b>MUD TANK</b> - one of a series of open tanks, usually made of steel plate, through which the drilling mud is cycled to remove sand and fine sediments.<br /><br /><b>MUD WEIGHT</b> - a measure of the density of a drilling fluid expressed as pounds per gallon, pounds per cubic foot, or kilograms per cubic metre. Mud weight is directly related to the amount of pressure the column of drilling mud exerts at the bottom of the hole.<br /><br /><b>MULTIPLE COMPLETION</b> - an arrangement for producing a well in which one wellbore penetrates two or more petroleum-bearing formations. In one type, multiple tubing strings are suspended side by side in the production casing string, each a different length and each packed to prevent the commingling of different reservoir fluids. Each reservoir is then produced through its own tubing string. Alternatively, a small diameter production casing string may be provided for each reservoir, as in multiple miniaturized or multiple tubingless completions. See dual completion.</span>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-90695979903388702212012-03-31T01:25:00.000+08:002012-03-31T01:27:07.048+08:00Process Engineering Term - L<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: white; "><b>LAND RIG</b> - any drilling rig that is located on dry land.<br /><br /><b>LATCH </b>- a device, usually with segmented threads, run with seal subs on the bottom of a tubing string and latched into a permanent packer to prevent tubing movement.<br /><br /><b>LAY </b>- 1. the spiral of strands in a wire rope either to the right or to the left, as viewed from above. 2. a term used to measure wire rope, signifying the linear distance a wire strand covers in one complete rotation around the rope.<br /><b></b></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-l.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; "><b>LAY DOWN PIPE</b> - to pull drill pipe or tubing from the hole and place it in a horizontal position on a pipe rack. Compare set back.<br /><br /><b>LEAD-TONG HAND</b> - the crew member who operates the lead tongs when drill pipe and drill collars are being handled. Also called lead-tong man.<br /><br /><b>LEAD TONGS</b> - the pipe tongs suspended in the derrick or mast and operated by a chain or a wire rope connected to the makeup cathead or the breakout cathead.<br /><br /><b>LEASE </b>- A legal document executed between a landowner, as lessor, and a company or individual (as lessee) that conveys the right to exploit the premises for minerals or other products for a specified period of time over a given area.<br /><br /><b>LIFTING </b>- a threaded device placed in the end of tubulars, such as drill collars to aid in lifting; also called hoisting plug.<br /><br /><b>LIGHT ENDS</b> - The more volatile products of petroleum refining, e.g., butane, propane, and gasoline.<br /><br /><b>LINER </b>- 1. a string of pipe used to case open hole below existing casing. A liner extends from the setting depth up into another string of casing, usually overlapping about 100 feet (30.5 meters) above the lower end of the intermediate or the oil string. Liners are nearly always suspended from the upper string by a hanger device. 2. a relatively short length of pipe with holes or slots that is placed opposite a producing formation. Usually, such liners are wrapped with specially shaped wire that is designed to prevent the entry of loose sand into the well as it is produced. They are also often used with a gravel pack. 3. in jet perforation guns, a conically shaped metallic piece that is part of a shaped charge. It increases the efficiency of the charge by increasing the penetrating ability of the jet. 4. a replaceable tube that fits inside the cylinder of an engine or a pump.<br /><br /><b>LINER COMPLETION</b> - a well completion in which a liner is used to obtain communication between the reservoir and the wellbore.<br /><br /><b>LINER HANGER</b> - a slip device that attaches the liner to the casing. See liner.<br /><br /><b>LOCATION </b>- the place where a well is drilled. Also called well site.<br /><br /><b>LOG</b> - a systematic recording of data, such as a driller’s log, mud log, electrical well log, or radioactivity log. Many different logs are run in wells to discern various characteristics of downhole formation. v: to record data.<br /><br /><b>LOG A WELL</b> - to run any of the various logs used to ascertain downhole information about a well.<br /><br /><b>LOGGING DEVICES</b> - any of several electrical, acoustical, mechanical, or radioactivity devices that are used to measure and record certain characteristics or events that occur in a well that has been or is being drilled.<br /><br /><b>LONG STRING</b> - 1. the last string of casing set in a well. 2. the string of casing that is set at the top of or through the producing zone, often called the oil string or production casing.<br /><br /><b>LOST CIRCULATION </b>- the quantities of whole mud lost to a formation, usually in cavernous, pressured, or coarsely permeable beds. Evidenced by the complete or partial failure of the mud to return to the surface as it is being circulated in the hole.<br /><br /><b>LOST PIPE</b> - drill pipe, drill collars, tubing, or casing that has become separated in the hole from the part of the pipe reaching the surface, necessitating its removal before normal operations can proceed; for example, a fish.<br /><br /><b>LOST TIME INCIDENT</b> - an incident in the workplace that results in an injury serious enough that causes the person injured to be unable to work for a day or more.<br /><br />LUBRICATOR - a specially fabricated length of casing or tubing usually placed temporarily above a valve on top of the casinghead or tubing head. It is used to run swabbing or perforating tools into a producing well and provides a method for sealing off pressure and thus should be rated for highest anticipated pressure.</span>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-91239854561413438082012-03-27T07:40:00.000+08:002012-03-27T07:42:13.751+08:00Process Engineering Term - J & K<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Process Engineering Term - J</h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1955795968000852869" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>jar </b>- a percussion tool operated manually or hydraulically to deliver a heavy upward or downward blow to fish stuck in the borehole. v: to apply a heavy blow to the drill stem by use of a jar or bumper sub.<br /><br /><b>jar accelerator</b> - a hydraulic tool used in conjunction with a jar and made up on the fishing string above the jar to increase the power of the jarring force.<br /><br /><b>jerk line</b> - a wire rope, one end of which is connected to the end of the tongs and the other end of which is attached to the cathead.<br /><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-j.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>jet </b>- 1. a hydraulic device operated by a centrifugal pump used to clean the mud pits, or tanks, and to mix mud components. 2. in a perforating gun using shaped charges, a highly penetrating, fast-moving stream of exploded particles that forms a hole in the casing, cement, and formation.<br /><br /><b>jet cutoff</b> - a procedure for severing pipe stuck in a well by detonating special shaped-charge explosives similar to those used in jet perforating. The explosive is lowered into the pipe to the desired depth and detonated. The force of the explosion makes radiating horizontal cuts around the pipe, and the severed portion of the pipe is retrieved.<br /><br /><b>jet cutter</b> - a fishing tool that uses shaped charges to sever casing, tubing, or drill pipe stuck in the hole. See jet cutoff. Compare chemical cutter.<br /><br /><b>jet gun</b> - an assembly, including a carrier and shaped charges, that is used in jet perforating.<br /><br /><b>jet-perforate</b> - to create holes through the casing with a shaped charge of high explosives instead of a gun that fires projectiles. The loaded charges are lowered into the hole to the desired depth. Once detonated, the charges emit short, penetrating jets of high-velocity gases that make holes in the casing and cement for some distance into the formation. Formation fluids then flow into the wellbore through these perforations. See bullet perforator, gun-perforate.<br /><br /><b>journal bearing</b> - a machine part in which a rotating shaft (a journal) revolves or slides. Also called a plain bearing.<br /><br /><b>joint of pipe</b> - a length of drill pipe or casing. Both come in various lengths.<br /><br /><b>junk </b>- metal debris lost in a hole. Junk may be a lost bit, pieces of a bit, pieces of pipe, wrenches, or any relatively small object that impedes drilling or completion and must be fished out of the hole. v: to abandon (as a nonproductive well).<br /><br /><b>junk basket</b> - a device made up on the bottom of the drill stem or on wireline to catch pieces of junk from the bottom of the hole. Circulating the mud or reeling in the wireline forces the junk into a barrel in the tool, where it is caught and held. When the basket is brought back to the surface, the junk is removed. Also called a junk sub or junk catcher.<br /><br /><b>junk mill</b> - a mill used to grind up junk in the hole. See mill.<br /><br /><b>junk retriever </b>- a special tool made up on the bottom of the drill stem to pick up junk from the bottom of the hole. Most junk retrievers are designed with ports that allow drilling fluid to exit the tool a short distance off the bottom. This flow of fluid creates an area of low pressure inside the tool so that the junk is lifted and caught in the retriever by the higher pressure outside the tool. See junk, junk basket.</span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1955795968000852869" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><br /></span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1955795968000852869" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><br /></span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1955795968000852869" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font-size: 25px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); ">Process Engineering Term - K</h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7543704363177806978" style="width: 686px; position: relative; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>KELLY</b> - the heavy square or hexagonal steel member suspended from the swivel through the rotary table and connected to the topmost joint of drill pipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns.<br /><br /><b>KELLY BLUSHING</b> - a device fitted to the rotary table through which the kelly passes and the means by which the torque of the rotary table is transmitted to the kelly and to the drill stem. Also called the drive bushing.<br /><br /><b>KELLY BYPASS</b> - a system of valves and piping that allows drilling fluid to be circulated without the use of the kelly.<br /><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-k.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>KELLY COCK</b> - a valve installed at one or both ends of the kelly. When a high-pressure backflow occurs inside the drill stem, the valve is closed to keep pressure off the swivel and rotary hose.<br /><br /><b>KELLY DRIVER</b> - a device that fits inside the head and inside of which the kelly fits. The kelly driver rotates with the kelly.<br /><br /><b>KELLY SAVER SUB</b> - a heavy and relatively short length of pipe that fits in the drill stem between the kelly and the drill pipe. The threads of the drill pipe mate with those of the sub, minimizing wear on the kelly.<br /><br /><b>KELLY SPINNER</b> - a pneumatically operated device mounted on top of the kelly that, when actuated, causes the kelly to turn or spin.<br /><br /><b>KEYSEAT </b>- 1. an undergauge channel or groove cut in the side of the borehole and parallel to the axis of the hole. A keyseat results from the rotation of pipe on a sharp bend in the hole. 2. a groove cut parallel to the axis in a shaft or a pulley bore.<br /><br /><b>KICK </b>- an entry of water, gas, oil, or other formation fluid into the wellbore during drilling. It occurs because the pressure exerted by the column of drilling fluid is not great enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation drilled. If prompt action is not taken to control the kick, or kill the well, a blowout may occur.<br /><br /><b>KICK FLUIDS</b> - oil, gas, water, or any combination that enters the borehole from a permeable formation.<br /><br /><b>KICK OFF</b> - 1. to bring a well into production; used most often when gas is injected into a gas lift well to start production. 2. in workover operations, to swab a well to restore it to production. 3. to deviate a wellbore from the vertical, as in directional drilling.<br /><br /><b>KICK OFF POINT (KOP) </b>- the depth in a vertical hole at which a deviated or slant hole is started; used in directional drilling.<br /><br /><b>KILL </b>- 1. in drilling, to control a kick by taking suitable preventive measures (for example, to shut in the well with the blowout preventers, circulate the kick out, and increase the weight of the drilling mud). 2. in production, to stop a well from producing oil and gas so that reconditioning of the well can proceed.</span></span></div></div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-81087961634766581602012-03-25T23:32:00.000+08:002012-03-25T23:34:03.969+08:00Process Engineering Term - H & I<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Process Engineering Term - H</h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6086697894319911370" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>HANG RODS</b> - to suspend sucker rods in a derrick or mast on rod hangers rather than to place them horizontally on a rack.<br /><br /><b>HARD HAT</b> - a hard helmet worn by oilfield workers to minimize the danger of being injured by falling objects.<br /><br /><b>HEADACHE </b>- (slang) the position in which the mast on a mobile rig is resting horizontally over the driver’s cab.</span><br style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-h.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>HOIST </b>- 1. an arrangement of pulleys and wire rope used for lifting heavy objects; a winch or similar device. 2. the drawworks. v: to raise or lift.<br /><br /><b>HOISTING COMPONENTS</b> - drawworks, drilling line, and traveling and crown blocks. Auxiliary hoisting components include catheads, catshaft, and air hoist.<br /><br /><b>HOISTING DRUM</b> - the large, flanged spool in the drawworks on which the hoisting cable is wound. See drawworks.<br /><br /><b>HOISTING LINE</b> - a wire rope used in hoisting operations.<br /><br /><b>HOOK </b>- a large, hook-shaped device from which the elevator bails or the swivel is suspended. It turns on bearings in its supporting housing.<br /><br /><b>HOISTING SYSTEM</b> - the system on the rig that performs all the lifting on the rig, primarily the lifting and lowering of drill pipe out of and into the hole. It is composed of drilling line, traveling block, crown block, and drawworks. See also hoisting components.<br /><br /><b>HOOK LOAD</b> - the weight of the drill stem and associated components that are suspended from the hook.<br /><br /><b>HOPPER </b>- a large funnel- or cone-shaped device into which dry components (such as powdered clay or cement) can be poured to later mix with water or other liquids. The dry component is educted through a nozzle at the bottom of the hopper.<br /><br /><b>HORSEHEAD </b>- the generally horsehead-shaped steel piece at the front of the beam of a pumping unit to which the bridle is attached in sucker rod pumping.<br /><br /><b>HORSEPOWER </b>- a unit of measure of work done by a machine.<br /><br /><b>HORIZONTAL DRILLING</b> - deviation of the borehole from vertical so that the borehole penetrates a productive formation in a manner parallel to the formation.<br /><br /><b>HYDRAULLIC </b>- 1. of or relating to water or other liquid in motion. 2. operated, moved, or effected by water or liquid.<br /><br /><b>HYDRAULIC FLUID</b> - a liquid of low viscosity (such as light oil) that is used in systems actuated by liquid (such as the brake system in a car).<br /><br /><b>HYDRAULIC FORCE</b> - force resulting from pressure on water or other hydraulic fluid.<br /><br /><b>HYDRAULIC FRACTURING</b> - an operation in which a specially blended liquid is pumped down a well and into a formation under pressure high enough to cause the formation to crack open, forming passages through which oil can flow into the wellbore.<br /><br /><b>HYDRAULIC JAR</b> - a type of mechanical jar in which a fluid moving through a small opening slows the piston stroke while the crew stretches the work string. After the hydraulic delay, a release mechanism in the jar trips to allow a mandrel to spring up and deliver a sharp blow. Compare mechanical jar.<br /><br /><b>HYDRAULIC PUMP</b> - a method of pumping oil from wells by using a downhole pump without sucker rods. Subsurface hydraulic pumps consist of two reciprocating pumps coupled and placed in the well. One pump functions as an engine and drives the other pump (the production pump). The downhole engine is usually operated by clean crude oil under under pressure (power oil) that is drawn from a power-oil settling tank by a triplex plunger pump on the surface. If a single string of tubing is used, power oil is pumped down the tubing string to the pump, which is seated in the string, and a mixture of power oil and produced fluid is returned through the casing-tubing annulus. If two parallel strings are used, one supplies power oil to the pump while the other returns the exhaust and produced oil to the surface. A hydraulic pump may be used to pump several wells from a central source.<br /><br /><b>HYDROCARBONS </b>- organic compounds of hydrogen and carbon whose densities, boiling points, and freezing points increase as their molecular weights increase. Although composed of only two elements, hydrocarbons exist in a variety of compounds, because of the strong affinity of the carbon atom for other atoms and for itself. The smallest molecules of hydrocarbons are gaseous; the largest are solids. Petroleum is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons.<br /><br /><b>HYDROGEN SULFIDE CRACKING </b>- a type of corrosion that occurs when metals are exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas; it is characterized by minute cracks that form just under the metal’s surface.<br /><br /><b>HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE</b> - the force exerted by a body of fluid at rest. It increases directly with the density and the depth of the fluid and is expressed in many different units, including pounds per square inch or kilopascals.</span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6086697894319911370" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><br /></span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6086697894319911370" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><br /></span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6086697894319911370" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font-size: 25px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); ">Process Engineering Term - I</h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5488367537322825908" style="width: 686px; position: relative; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>IDC (Intangible Drilling Costs)</b> - All cost incurred in drilling a well other than equipment or leasehold. These expenses are 100% tax deductible even if the well is productive.<br /><br /><b>IP (Initial Production)</b> - Production from a well is generally broken down into three categories: a. Flush or Initial b. Settled c. Stripper. It is important to realize that a well cannot maintain the flow rates it made during the first stages of its life.<br /><br /><b>IADC </b>- International Association of Drilling Contractors.<br /><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-i.html" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>impeller </b>- a set of mounted blades used to impart motion to a fluid air or gas (such as, the rotor of a centrifugal pump).<br /><br /><b>impermeable </b>- preventing the passage of fluid. A formation may be porous yet impermeable if there is an absence of connecting passages between the voids within it. See permeability.<br /><br /><b>impression block</b> - a block with lead or another relatively soft material on its bottom. It is made up on drill pipe or tubing at the surface, run into a well, and set down on the object that has been lost in the well. The block is retrieved and the impression is examined. The impression is a mirror image of the top of the fish; it also indicates the fish’s position in the hole, for example, whether it is centered or off to one side. From this information, the correct fishing tool may be selected.<br /><br /><b>induction log</b> - an electric well log in which the conductivity of the formation rather than the resistivity is measured. Because oil-bearing formations are less conductive of electricity than water-bearing formations, an induction survey, when compared with resistivity readings, can aid in determination of oil and water zones.<br /><br /><b>inflatable packer</b> - a packer with an element that inflates by means of gas or liquid pumped from the surface through a line. It is deflated by means of slots that can be opened to allow the gas or liquid to flow out. They are used when a temporary packer is needed in a hole.<br /><br /><b>injection gas</b> - 1. a high-pressure gas injected into a formation to maintain or restore reservoir pressure. 2. gas injected in gas-lift operations.<br /><br /><b>injection log</b> - a survey used to determine the injection profile, that is, to assign specific volumes or percentages to each of the formations taking fluid in an injection well. The injection log is also used to check for casing or packer leaks, proper cement jobs, and fluid migration between zones.<br /><br /><b>injection water</b> - water that is introduced into a reservoir to help drive hydrocarbons to a producing well.<br /><br /><b>injection well</b> - a well through which fluids are injected into an underground stratum to increase reservoir pressure and to displace oil. Also called input well.<br /><br /><b>injector head</b> - a control head for injecting coiled tubing into a well that seals off the tubing and makes a pressure tight connection.<br /><br /><b>inland barge rig</b> - an off shore drilling structure consisting of a barge on which the drilling equipment is constructed. It is positioned on location, then the barge is sunk.<br /><br /><b>insert </b>- 1. a cylindrical object, rounded, blunt, or chisel-shaped on one end and usually made of tungsten carbide, that is inserted in the cones of a bit, the cutters of a reamer, or the blades of a stabilizer to form the cutting element of the bit or the reamer or the wear surface of the stabilizer. Also called a compact.<br /><br /><b>insert pump</b> - a sucker rod pump that is run into the well as a complete unit.<br /><br /><b>intake valve</b> - 1. the mechanism on an engine through which air and sometimes fuel are admitted to the cylinder. 2. on a mud pump, the valve that opens to allow mud to be drawn into the pump by the pistons moving in the liners.<br /><br /><b>intermediate casing string</b> - the string of casing set in a well after the surface casing but before production casing is set to keep the hole from caving and to seal off formations. In deep wells, one or more intermediate strings may be required.<br /><br /><b>internal cutter </b>- a fishing tool containing metal-cutting knives that is lowered into the inside of a length of pipe stuck in the hole to cut the pipe. The severed portion of the pipe can then be returned to the surface. Compare external cutter.<br /><br /><b>International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC)</b> - an organization of drilling contractors, oil and gas companies, and service companies that sponsors or conducts research on education, accident prevention, drilling technology, and other matters of interest to its membership and their employees. Its official publication is The Drilling Contractor.</span></span></div></div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-63702420067954086352012-03-24T02:14:00.000+08:002012-03-24T02:15:28.241+08:0010 perkara yang salah difahami umum<div class="post-container" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: center; position: relative; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><div class="img-wrap" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; position: relative; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; margin-top: 42px; "><a href="http://9gag.com/random" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; color: rgb(36, 187, 255); text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-property: color; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-timing-function: linear; -webkit-transition-delay: initial; "><img src="http://d24w6bsrhbeh9d.cloudfront.net/photo/3520924_700b.jpg" alt="10 Common Misconceptions Dispelled" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; display: block; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -40px; margin-left: auto; " /></a></div></div><div class="comment-section" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><h3 class="title" id="comments" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 20px; padding-bottom: 12px; ">Comments</h3></div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-6550902486841830732012-03-18T23:11:00.003+08:002012-03-18T23:25:17.915+08:00Boleh ke Menikah dengan perempuan yang hamil luar nikah??<div><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Hari ni kecoh dengan berita kontroversi yang keluar dalam Harian Metro, pasal hukum menikahi perempuan yang mengandung disebabkan zina. Asal ceritanya berkenaan luahan hati seorang gadis yang seringkali menjadi mangsa dera bapa (tiri) nya. Rupa-rupanya bapa dia tu dijadikan 'pak sanggup' untuk menutup malu ibunya yang ketika itu mngandungkan dia hasil berzina. Ni adalah artikel tersebut:</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="artrow" style="width: 660px; float: left; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(179, 180, 183); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><h1 style="font-size: 20px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; "><a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/artikelMA">'Tanggung’ dosa ibu</a></h1><div id="artby" style="width: 300px; float: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; ">Oleh NORAINON OTHMAN dan NORIAH IDRIS<br />metahad@hmetro.com.my</div><div id="tool" style="width: 300px; float: right; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; text-align: right; "><div id="qtipboss"><a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/art_pos" target="_self" title="E-mel Artikel" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/Images/ico_email.gif" alt="E-mel Artikel" width="20" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/art_print" target="_self" title="Cetak Artikel" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/Images/ico_print.gif" alt="Cetak Artikel" width="20" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/artikelMA" target="_self" title="Tanda Artikel" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/Images/ico_bmark.gif" alt="Tanda Artikel" width="20" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/artikelMA" target="_self" title="Besarkan Saiz Teks" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/Images/ico_txbig.gif" alt="Besarkan Saiz Teks" width="18" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/artikelMA" target="_self" title="Kecilkan Saiz Teks" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/Images/ico_txsmall.gif" alt="Kecilkan Saiz Teks" width="18" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/artikelMA#" target="_self" title="Komen Artikel" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/Article/Images/ico_komen.gif" alt="Komen Artikel" width="20" height="18" border="0" /></a></div></div></div><div class="artpara" style="width: 660px; float: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="artpbig" style="width: 500px; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(12, 71, 144); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 80px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/2012031800212720120318002127/pix_middle" alt="ARISYA... dapat ‘ayah’ pendendam dan panas baran" height="483" width="500" border="0" /><br />ARISYA... dapat ‘ayah’ pendendam dan panas baran</div><p>KUALA LUMPUR: Badan berbirat akibat dibelasah dengan tali pinggang manakala penampar dan sepak terajang menjadi ‘makanan’ harian seorang gadis sejak kecil, gara-gara dendam tidak berkesudahan lelaki dipanggil bapa.</p><p>Seksaan diterima Arisya (bukan nama sebenar), 24, hanya disebabkan lelaki berkenaan tidak dapat menerima hakikat dia terpaksa menjadi ‘pak sanggup’ dengan mengahwini ibunya selepas wanita itu hamil sebelum bernikah.</p><p><br />Menurut Arisya, zaman kanak-kanaknya tidak seperti rakan sebaya lain yang sentiasa disaluti kasih sayang ibu bapa serta kegembiraan.</p><p></p><p>Katanya, kehidupannya penuh kedukaan kerana didera ‘bapanya’ tanpa belas kasihan setiap kali melakukan kesilapan, biarpun tidak sebesar mana.</p><p><br />Disebabkan sering menerima layanan buruk ‘bapa sendiri’, Arisya sering tertanya-tanya, apakah dosa dilakukannya sehingga diperlakukan sedemikian.</p><p><br />Menginjak usia remaja, dia pernah terdengar pertengkaran besar di antara orang tuanya. Bapanya mengungkit yang dia terpaksa menjadi ‘pak sanggup’ kerana ibunya mengandung benih orang lain.</p><p></p><div class="advisland" style="clear: both; width: 400px; margin-left: 130px; "></div><p></p><p>Akibat dendam kesumat itu, bapanya sering menjadikan ibunya sebagai mangsa deraan apabila cuba menyebelahi Arisya.</p><p><br />“Sebenarnya, ayah seorang yang panas baran terhadap emak, saya mahupun adik-adik. Namun saya paling teruk dibelasah walaupun kerana ingin bergurau, bergaduh kecil atau bermanja dengan adik-adik, seolah-olah melakukan kesalahan sangat besar.</p><p></p><div class="advisland" style="clear: both; width: 400px; margin-left: 130px; "></div><p>“Saya tak tahu mengapa ayah terlalu baran dengan saya. Penampar yang diberi bertahun-tahun membuatkan jiwa saya tertekan.</p><p><br />“Terakhir ketika saya berusia 14 tahun apabila dibelasah dengan tali pinggang hingga menangis seharian akibat menanggung kesakitan yang amat sangat. Kesan daripada situ, saya membuat keputusan lari daripada rumah tapi tidak tahu ke mana hendak dituju.</p><p><br />“Ketika itu, yang terfikir ialah melarikan diri ke balai polis lalu membuat laporan saya didera ayah kandung. Polis kemudian membuat tangkapan dan ayah ditahan kerana kesalahan mendera berdasarkan laporan kesihatan oleh pihak hospital,” katanya kepada Metro Ahad.</p><p><br />Bagaimanapun, kesan psikologi terhadap Arisya sangat teruk kerana terpaksa melalui dugaan yang bukan sedikit apabila dihantar ke rumah perlindungan kanak-kanak dan berpisah dengan keluarga.</p><p><br />“Ia pengalaman sukar yang terpaksa diharungi bagi remaja yang masih mentah seperti saya. Disebabkan laporan itu ayah dibuang kerja, menyebabkan kebenciannya terhadap saya makin meluap-luap.</p><p><br />“Namun, saya mungkin selamat kerana berada di rumah perlindungan kanak-kanak tapi terfikir juga, apa akan jadi dengan emak dan adik lain sepanjang ketiadaan saya,” kata anak sulung itu.</p><p><br />Apabila ditempatkan di rumah perlindungan bawah pengawasan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM), kedudukan tempat itu jauh daripada ibu kota dan di situlah bermula episod baru dalam hidup Arisya.</p></div></div><div>Tup tap, keluar pulak pasal artikel hukum menikahi perempuan mengandung yang berzina seperti dibawah:</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="artrow" style="width: 660px; float: left; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(179, 180, 183); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><h1 style="font-size: 20px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; "><a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/artikelMA">Berdosa besar kahwin wanita hamil anak tak sah</a></h1><div id="artby" style="width: 300px; float: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 11px; "><br /></div><div id="tool" style="width: 300px; float: right; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; text-align: right; "><div id="qtipboss"><a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/art_pos" target="_self" title="E-mel Artikel" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/Images/ico_email.gif" alt="E-mel Artikel" width="20" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/art_print" target="_self" title="Cetak Artikel" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/Images/ico_print.gif" alt="Cetak Artikel" width="20" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/artikelMA" target="_self" title="Tanda Artikel" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/Images/ico_bmark.gif" alt="Tanda Artikel" width="20" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/artikelMA" target="_self" title="Besarkan Saiz Teks" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/Images/ico_txbig.gif" alt="Besarkan Saiz Teks" width="18" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/artikelMA" target="_self" title="Kecilkan Saiz Teks" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/Images/ico_txsmall.gif" alt="Kecilkan Saiz Teks" width="18" height="18" border="0" /></a> <a href="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/artikelMA#" target="_self" title="Komen Artikel" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; "><img src="http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Berdosabesarkahwinwanitahamilanaktaksah/Article/Images/ico_komen.gif" alt="Komen Artikel" width="20" height="18" border="0" /></a></div></div></div><div class="artpara" style="width: 660px; float: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><p>KUALA LUMPUR: Haram dan berdosa besar bagi lelaki yang mengetahui seorang wanita mengandungkan anak luar nikah jikalau menikahi wanita hamil itu.</p><p>Pernikahan cuma boleh dilangsungkan selepas wanita terbabit melahirkan anak, malah anak yang lahir tidak boleh dibin atau dibintikan lelaki yang menjadi pak sanggup kerana zuriat berkenaan bukan daripada benihnya.</p><p><br />Dalam Islam, anak yang lahir perlu dibinkan wanita itu sendiri manakala dalam hukum lebih longgar, ia dibolehkan berbin atau binti Abdullah (hamba Allah).</p><p></p><p>Pendakwah bebas yang juga Pengarah Urusan Telaga Biru, Dr Zahazan Mohamed, berkata anak berkenaan juga tidak boleh berkahwin dengan lelaki terbabit (pak sanggup) kerana lelaki itu menikahi ibunya.</p><p><br />“Gadis anak zina adalah mahram dengan bapa tiri tetapi bukan mahram dengan lelaki yang berzina dengan ibunya,” katanya.</p><p><br />Menurutnya, dalam budaya masyarakat Malaysia, jika seorang wanita hamil anak luar nikah, dia dan teman lelaki yang membuntingkannya dinasihatkan lekas kahwin bagi menutup aib serta menjaga maruah keluarga.</p><p></p><div class="advisland" style="clear: both; width: 400px; margin-left: 130px; "></div><p></p><p>“Mengikut Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara (JPN), anak berusia enam bulan ke bawah ketika dalam kandungan, boleh dibinkan lelaki berkenaan. Ini hukum di sisi manusia bagi menyelamatkan maruah,” katanya.</p><p><br />Zahazan berkata, hukum di sisi Allah, seorang wanita penzina tidak layak berkahwin melainkan lelaki penzina (ayat 3 surah an-Nur) dan jika wanita itu ingin bertaubat, anak berkenaan dibolehkan berbin atau berbintikan nama wanita terbabit.</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; ">Artikel ni membuatkan laman sosial FB jadi havoc,tatkala ramai yang mempersoalkan hukum yang dinyatakan dalam artikel tu. Ada yang cakap harus, ada yang menyokong artikel ni,cakap haram,ada yang menyindir mereka yang mempersoalkan kesahihan artikel ni sebagai orang yang lebih pandai daripada alim ulama dan sebagainya.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; "><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; ">Aku pun tak ketinggalan untuk menjadi keliru sekejap dengan statement diatas memandangkan aku pernah mendengar ulasan ustaz berkenaan perkara ni,dan jawapan yang diberi adalah harus. Setelah buat sedikit research,akhirnya aku menjumpai 1 artikel lain berkenaan jawapan lengkap kepada persoalan tersebut. Boleh baca lebih lanjut artikel berkenaan '<a href="http://halaqah.net/v10/index.php?topic=7680.0">Hukum menikahi wanita hamil kerana berzina</a>' disini.</span></p></div></div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-7246701155063313232012-03-13T15:25:00.003+08:002012-03-13T15:36:52.711+08:00Drinking water at this timings are most effective!!!<div><br /></div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-voPafOPLbso/T174RQVwFeI/AAAAAAAAAcU/s92poNvZ-yE/s1600/water.jpg" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 201px; height: 251px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-voPafOPLbso/T174RQVwFeI/AAAAAAAAAcU/s92poNvZ-yE/s400/water.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719281552134772194" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><b>After wake up</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><i>Help to activate internal organs after long sleep</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nYCxzSUJYeg/T174RWLa7TI/AAAAAAAAAcM/hW1_Tm1QwRw/s400/wake.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><b>After taking bath</b></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><i>Helps to lower blood pressure</i></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CS8Cm_b8o0g/T174Qwc3ESI/AAAAAAAAAbs/RuN-ztFf4E8/s400/bath.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><b>Half an hour before meals</b></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><i>will help our digestion system</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VKGOXuj96rA/T174RGVc1lI/AAAAAAAAAb0/zxY3hSNKhQo/s400/eat.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><b>Before sleep</b></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><i>Will help to avoid Stroke or Heart Attack at midnight</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eK54kOxwUmE/T174RHu7TGI/AAAAAAAAAcA/KahJy84Nhrk/s400/sleep.jpg" /> </div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-51278450071989900882012-03-12T13:56:00.002+08:002012-03-12T14:00:20.979+08:00Khasiat 3 jenis ulam kegemaran harian<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">Ulam-ulaman sudah menjadi kemestian sesetengah orang utk melengkapkan menu dan menambahkan enak rasa makanan. Tambah enak lagi, ulam digandingkan dengan sambal belacan, budu, cencalok mahupun apa jua jenis sambal yang saling melengkapi. Kenali 3 jenis ulaman di bawah ni yang pastinya melengkapkan dan mevariasikan lagi menu harian anda.</span><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><b style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">1. Pegaga</b><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://img265.imageshack.us/img265/3897/pegaga1oc9.jpg" border="0" alt="" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; max-width: 100%; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); " /></div><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">Pegaga atau nama saintifiknya, "</span><i style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">Centella Asiatica</i><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">" mempunyai aroma unik dan rasa yang sedikit pahit. Ulam renek berdaun lebar ini digunakan secara tradisional untuk mengubati alergi, kanser, cirit-birit, merangsangkan peredaran darah, mengurangkan panas badan dan juga mengubati lelah/. Pegaga boleh dicicah bersama aneka sambal belacan dan boleh dijadikan jus.</span><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><b style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">2. Selom</b><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://img134.imageshack.us/img134/8484/dsc00166mp7.jpg" border="0" alt="" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; max-width: 100%; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); " /></div><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">"</span><i style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">Oenanthe Javanica</i><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">" atau selom merupakan sejenis ulam segar yg cukup digemari oleh orang utara tanah air, turut dijadikan sayuran hiasan dalam laksa. Ulam berdaun cantik ini dikatakan dapat mengubati demam panas serta tekanan darah tinggi. Malah selom juga mampu memberi kesan sebagai agen anti reumatik dan menurunkan paras gula dan kolestrol dalam pesakit diabetes atau kencing manis.</span><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><b style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">3. Ulam Raja</b><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://img291.imageshack.us/img291/3445/0dsc05353nu0.jpg" border="0" alt="" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; max-width: 100%; font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); " /></div><br style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); "><div style="text-align: left;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">Ulam raja atau "</span><i style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">Cosmos Caudatus</i><span style="font-family: 'century gothic'; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(235, 239, 224); ">" mempunyai rasa dan bau yang unik. Kajian sains membuktikan ulam raja mengandungi 3% protein, 0.4% lemak dan karbohidrat. Ia juga kaya dengan kalsium dan vitamin A yang menguatkan tulang serta agen pembersih darah. Ulam raja cukup enak dimakan mentah yg dicicahkan bersama aneka sambal belacan, budu dan sebagainya.</span></div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-60603949971553056402012-03-12T12:23:00.003+08:002012-03-12T12:40:21.885+08:00Dulu VeryDemotivational...Sikalang....!!! 9gag~<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; ">1st time diperkenalkan oleh Sidi-san pada taun 2008,<a href="http://verydemotivational.memebase.com/">verydemotivational</a> merupakan salah satu website humour yang memanipulasikan pics motivational kepada demotivational..contohnya:-</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uqRaYBdwmNg/Sn0etllqf3I/AAAAAAAAAII/Sy5vJQ933ds/s400/female-gamers-demotivational-pic.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_uqRaYBdwmNg/Sn0eta1OtjI/AAAAAAAAAIA/YnEb6vJZadM/s400/demotivational-posters-success.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">namun aura humour verydemotivational tak bertahan lama,menyebabkan aku stop surf kejap website ni selama setahun (start awal 2011 kot). Sekarang ada 1 website humour baru yang agak meledak,sampaikan member-member di FB pon banyak terpengaruh. <a href="http://9gag.com/hot/index/">9gag</a> rulez this era~</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EC-PYPPhAms/T119gjyg4OI/AAAAAAAAAbc/4OkNyUZ9M_Q/s400/3276202_460s.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9s-bCOtsMTU/T119gVyFHWI/AAAAAAAAAbU/99gDIpH1Gj8/s400/3255876_460s.jpg" /> </div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-4127393888022732072012-02-21T08:59:00.000+08:002012-02-21T09:00:32.107+08:0012 barang serbaguna<a href="http://9gag.com/random" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; color: rgb(36, 187, 255); text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-property: color; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-timing-function: linear; -webkit-transition-delay: initial; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><img src="http://d24w6bsrhbeh9d.cloudfront.net/photo/2802997_700b_v1.jpg" alt="12 Lifehacks that will change your life" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; display: block; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -40px; margin-left: auto; " /></a>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-4637787854907730722012-02-03T10:39:00.002+08:002012-02-03T11:01:09.589+08:00Selamat datang Februari 2012Hidup tak mempunyai pekerjaan tetap memang mencabar. Melihat rakan-rakan lain yang dah dapat kerja tetap,membuatkan hati ini cemburu. Huhu, Allah menguji aku dengan pelbagai dugaan dan cabaran, yang sampai ke hari ini aku masih belum merasakan dunia ku kelam disebabkan ujian-ujian itu. Alhamdulillah..<div><br /></div><div>Sejak merantau ke Kuala Lumpur dari bulan Julai 2011 sehingga ke saat post ni ditulis, dah bermacam kerja aku buat untuk menampung hidup. Alhamdulillah aku ada sahabat-sahabat yang sudi membantu aku ketika sesak, merelakan aku menumpang di rumah mereka tanpa mengambil kira sewa rumah. "Ada duit nanti, boleh la bayar. Enta sekarang pun bukan ada kerja tetap lagi." Syukran jazilan buat semua..</div><div><br /></div><div>Dari cikgu tuisyen sampai la eksekutif khidmat pelanggan syarikat telekomunikasi tempatan, dah pelbagai kerja aku buat. Ternyata jodoh aku dengan kerja-kerja tersebut tak panjang melainkan kerja mengajar yang dah macam sebati dalam hidup aku sekarang. Apply kompeni oil & gas, belum ada satu lagi pun yang panggil untuk interview.</div><div><br /></div><div>Yang non-related oil & gas memang ada, tapi malas nak pergi sebab tak related dengan engineering satu hal, pastu gaji ciput (parent aku marah bila aku berkira sangat pasal gaji. Ambik pengalaman dulu kata depa). Aku tak kisah dapat gaji ciput, asalkan kerja dalam bidang yang aku belajar,tu syaratnya. Agaknya tu salah satu sebab kenapa aku berenti kerja kat Celcom dulu,hahahahaha....</div><div><br /></div><div>Alhamdulillah, sekarang rezeki macam nak masuk mencurah ja. Walaupun email daripada mana-mana kompeni oil & gas panggil interview belum ada, tapi ada rezeki dari sumber lain yang Allah nak bagi. Sejak buat Home Tuition dari pertengahan Januari 2012 ni, panggilan dan permintaan untuk mengajar makin tinggi, sampai nak penuh dah jadual seminggu aku. Bibit-bibit malas menjadi engineer pun dah mula terbentuk, tahu kat Pak Su aku memang dia bangkang abis la,hahaha...</div><div><br /></div><div>Walau apa pun, hidup kena jalan. Tanggungjawab sebagai khalifah Allah di muka bumi kena laksana. Kerja kena cari, tak boleh melangut tengok langit ja. Yang penting, kenali potensi diri dan kecenderungan supaya dapat kerja dalam tempoh yang lama (bukan keja sebulan pastu berenti, macam aku). Yang paling utama, jangan berputus asa pada rahmat Allah, kerana Dia ada sifat Maha Pengasih dan Maha Penyayang. Mintalah, dan berdoalah, nescaya akan diperkenankan rezeki..</div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-2307531822724197132012-01-09T23:47:00.000+08:002012-01-09T23:49:27.172+08:00Process Engineering Term - F & G<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-f.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; ">Process Engineering Term - F</a></h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5217487435338591369" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>FASTLINE </b>- the end of the drilling line that is affixed to the drum or reel of the drawworks, so called because it travels with greater velocity than any other portion of the line. Compare deadline.<br /><br /><b>FIELD </b>- A geographical area in which one or more oil or gas wells produce. A field may refer to surface area only or to underground productive formation. A single field may include several reservoirs separated either horizontally or vertically.<br /><br /><b>FIELD BUTANES</b> - A raw mix of natural gas liquids; the product of gas processing plants in the field. Raw mix streams are sent to fractionating plants where the various components - butane, propane, hexane, and others - are separated. Some refineries are capable of using field butanes at 10 to 15 percent of charge stock.</span><br style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-12-10T16:48:00%2B08:00&max-results=5" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>FINGERBOARD </b>- a rack that supports the stands of pipe being stacked in the derrick or mast. It has several steel fingerlike projections that form a series of slots into which the derrickman can place a stand of drill pipe or collars after it is pulled out of the hole and removed from the drill string.<br /><br /><b>FIRE FLOODING</b> - a thermal recovery method in which the oil in the reservoir is ignited, the heat vaporizes lighter hydrocarbons and water pushes the warmed oil toward a producing well. Also called in situ combustion. See thermal recovery.<br /><br /><b>FISH </b>- an object that is left in the wellbore during drilling or workover operations and that must be recovered before work can proceed. It can be anything from a piece of scrap metal to a part of the drill stem.<br /><br /><b>FISHING </b>- the procedure of recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore.<br /><br /><b>FISHING MAGNET</b> - a powerful magnet designed to recover metallic objects lost in a well.<br /><br /><b>FISHING TOOL</b> - a tool designed to recover equipment lost in a well.<br /><br /><b>FISHING-TOOL OPERATOR</b> - the person (usually a service company employee) in charge of directing fishing operations.<br /><br /><b>FITTING </b>- a small, often standardized, part (such as a coupling, valve, or gauge) installed in a larger apparatus.<br /><br /><b>FLARE </b>- (1) To burn unwanted gas through a pipe or stack (Under conservation laws, the flaring of natural gas is illegal.) (2) The flame from a flare; the pipe or the stack itself.<br /><br /><b>FLOAT COLLAR</b> - a special coupling device inserted one or two joints above the bottom of the casing string that contains a check valve to permit fluid to pass downward but not upward through the casing. The float collar prevents drilling mud from entering the casing while it is being lowered, allowing the casing to float during its descent and thus decreasing the load on the derrick or mast.<br /><br /><b>FLOAT SHOE</b> - a short, heavy, cylindrical steel section with a rounded bottom that is attached to the bottom of the casing string. It contains a check valve and functions similarly to the float collar but also serves as a guide shoe for the casing.<br /><br /><b>FLOOD </b>- 1. to drive oil from a reservoir into a well by injecting water under pressure into the reservoir formation. See waterflooding. 2. to drown out a well with water.<br /><br /><b>FLOW </b>- a current or stream of fluid or gas.<br /><br /><b>FLOOR CREW</b> - those workers on a drilling or workover rig who work primarily on the rig floor. See rotary helper.<br /><br /><b>FLOWING WELL</b> -A well capable of producing oil or gas by its own energy without the aid of a mechanical pump. Normally a pump is put on the well after the pressure reduction inhibits the rate of production. FRACING - The process of pumping fluids into a productive formation at high rates of injection to hydraulically break the rock. The "fractures" which are created in the rock act as flow channels for the oil and gas to the well.<br /><br /><b>FLOW LINE </b>- the surface pipe through which oil or gas travels from a well to processing equipment or to storage.<br /><br /><b>FLOW RATE</b> - the speed, or velocity, of fluid or gas flow through a pipe or vessel.<br /><br /><b>FLUID INJECTION</b> - injection of gases or liquids into a reservoir to force oil toward and into producing wells.<br /><br /><b>FLUID LOSS</b> - the unwanted migration of the liquid part of the drilling mud or cement slurry into a formation, often minimized or prevented by the blending of additives with the mud or cement.<br /><br /><b>FORMATION FLUID</b> - fluid (such as gas, oil, or water) that exists in a subsurface formation.<br /><br /><b>FORMATION GAS</b> - gas initially produced from an underground reservoir.<br /><br /><b>FORMATION PRESSURE</b> - the force exerted by fluids or gas in a formation, recorded in the hole at the level of the formation with the well shut in. Also called reservoir pressure or shut-in bottomhole pressure.<br /><br /><b>FORMATION TESTING</b> - the gathering of pressure data and fluid samples from a formation to determine its production potential before choosing a completion method.<br /><br /><b>FORMATION WATER</b> - 1. the water originally in place in a formation. 2. any water that resides in the pore spaces of a formation.<br /><br /><b>FOSSIL ENERGY</b> - Energy derived from crude oil, natural gas, or coal.<br /><br /><b>FRAC FLUID</b> - a fluid used in the fracturing process (for example, a method of stimulating production by opening new flow channels in the formation surrounding a production well). Under extremely high hydraulic pressure, frac fluids (such as distillate, diesel fuel, crude oil, dilute hydrochloric acid, water, or kerosene) are pumped downward through production tubing or drill pipe and forced out below a packer or between two packers. The pressure causes cracks to open in the formation, and the fluid penetrates the formation through the cracks. Sand grains, aluminum pellets, walnut shells, or similar materials (propping agents) are carried in suspension by the fluid into the cracks. When the pressure is released at the surface, the fracturing fluid returns to the well but leaves behind the propping agents to hold open the formation cracks.<br /><br /><b>FUEL TANKS</b> - fuel storage tanks for the power generating system.<br /><br /><b>FRACTURE </b>- a crack or crevice in a formation, either natural or induced. See hydraulic fracturing.<br /><br /><b>FRACTURE ACIDIZING</b> - a procedure by which acid is forced into a formation under pressure high enough to cause the formation to crack. The acid acts on certain kinds of formations, usually carbonates, to increase the permeability of the formation. Also called acid fracturing.<br /><br /><b>FRACTURE PRESSURE</b> - the pressure at which a formation will break down, or fracture.<br /><br /><b>FRACTURING FLUID</b> - a fluid, such as water, oil, or acid, used in hydraulic fracturing. The fluid carries propping agents that hold open the formation cracks after hydraulic pressure dissipates. See acid fracturing, hydraulic fracturing, propping agents.<br /><br /><b>FREE-POINT INDICATOR</b> - a device run on wireline into the wellbore and inside the fishing string and fish to locate the area where a fish is stuck. When the drill string is pulled and turned, the electromagnetic fields of free pipe and stuck pipe differ. The free-point indicator is able to distinguish these differences, which are registered on a metering device at the surface.<br /><br /><b>FRICTION </b>- resistance to movement created when two surfaces are in contact. When friction is present, movement between the surfaces produces heat.<br /><br /><b>FULL-GAUGE BIT</b> - a bit that has maintained its original diameter.<br /><br /><b>FULL-GAUGE HOLE</b> - a wellbore drilled with a full-gauge bit. Also called a true-to-gauge hole.</span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5217487435338591369" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><br /></span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5217487435338591369" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-g.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; ">Process Engineering Term - G</a></h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2793922562961161076" style="width: 686px; position: relative; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>GAS </b>- “Any fluid, combustible or noncombustible, which is produced in a natural state from the earth and which maintains a gaseous or rarified state at ordinary temperature and pressure conditions”. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Mineral Resources, Chap. II, Geological Survey, 221.2<br /><br /><b>GAMMA RAY LOG </b>- a type of radioactivity well log that records natural radioactivity around the wellbore. Shales generally produce higher levels of gamma radiation and can be detected and studied with the gamma ray tool.<br /><br /><b>GAS CAP </b>- The portion of an oil-producing reservoir occupied by free gas; in a free state above an oil zone.</span><br style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-12-10T16:48:00%2B08:00&max-results=5" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>GAS LOST </b>- Avoidably lost natural gas which is flared or vented (i.e., natural gas not retained in the production system for sale or use).<br /><br /><b>GAS WELL </b>- A well that produces natural gas which is not associated with crude oil. GEOLOGY - The science of the history of the Earth and its life as recorded in rocks.<br /><br /><b>GAS ANCHOR </b>- a tubular, perforated device attached to the bottom of a suckerrod pump that helps to prevent gas lock. The device works on the principle that gas, being lighter than oil, rises. As well fluids enter the anchor, gas breaks out of the fluid and exits from the anchor through perforations near the top. Remaining fluids enter the pump through a mosquito bill (a tube within the anchor), which has an opening near the bottom. In this way, all or most of the gas escapes before the fluids enter the pump.<br /><br /><b>GAS CAP </b>- a free-gas phase overlying an oil zone and occurring within the same producing formation as the oil. See reservoir.<br /><br /><b>GAS-CAP DRIVE</b> - drive energy supplied naturally (as a reservoir is produced) by the expansion of the gas cap. In such a drive, the gas cap expands to force oil into the well and to the surface. See reservoir drive mechanism.<br /><br /><b>GAS-CUT MUD</b> - a drilling mud that contains entrained formation gas, giving the mud a characteristically fluffy texture. Gas cut mud may cause a lowering of mud weight.<br /><br /><b>GAS DRIVE</b> - the use of the energy that arises from the expansion of compressed gas in a reservoir to move crude oil to a wellbore. Also called depletion drive. See dissolved-gas drive, gas-cap drive, reservoir drive mechanism.<br /><br /><b>GAS INJECTION</b> - the injection of gas into a reservoir to maintain formation pressure by gas drive and to reduce the rate of decline of the original reservoir drive. One type of gas injection uses gas that does not mix (is not miscible) with the oil. Examples of these gases include natural gas, nitrogen, and flue gas. Another type uses gas that does mix (is miscible) with the oil. The gas may be naturally miscible or become miscible under high pressure. Examples of miscible gases include propane, methane enriched with other light hydrocarbons, methane under high pressure, and carbon dioxide under pressure. Frequently, water is also injected in alternating steps with the gas.<br /><br /><b>GAS INJECTION WELL</b> - a well into which gas is injected for the purpose of maintaining or supplementing pressure in an oil reservoir.<br /><br /><b>GASKET </b>- any material (such as paper, cork, asbestos, stainless steel or other types of metal, or rubber) used to seal two essentially stationary surfaces.<br /><br /><b>GAS LIFT</b> - the process of raising or lifting fluid from a well by injecting gas down the well through tubing or through the tubing-casing annulus. Injected gas aerates the fluid to make it exert less pressure than the formation does; the resulting higher formation pressure forces the fluid out of the wellbore. Gas may be injected continuously or intermittently, depending on the producing characteristics of the well and the arrangement of the gas-lift equipment.<br /><br /><b>GAS-LIFT MANDREL</b> - a device installed in the tubing string of a gas-lift well onto which or into which a gas-lift valve is fitted. There are two common types of mandrel. In the conventional gas-lift mandrel, the gas-lift valve is installed as the tubing is placed in the well. Thus, to replace or repair the valve, the tubing string must be pulled. In the sidepocket mandrel, however, the valve is installed and removed by wireline while the mandrel is still in the well, eliminating the need to pull the tubing to repair or replace the valve.<br /><br /><b>GAS-LIFT VALVE</b> - a device installed on a gas-lift mandrel, which in turn is put on the tubing string of a gas-lift well. Tubing and casing pressures cause the valve to open and close, thus allowing gas to be injected into the fluid in the tubing to cause the fluid to rise to the surface. See gas-lift mandrel.<br /><br /><b>GAS-LIFT WELL</b> - a well in which reservoir fluids are artificially lifted by the injection of gas.<br /><br /><b>GAS LOCK</b> - 1. a condition sometimes encountered in a pumping well when dissolved gas, released from solution during the upstroke of the plunger, appears as free gas between the valves. If the gas pressure is sufficient, the standing valve is locked shut, and no fluid enters the tubing. 2. a device fitted to the gauging hatch on a pressure tank that enables manual dipping and sampling without loss of vapor. 3. a condition that can occur when gas-cut mud is circulated by the mud pump. The gas breaks out of the mud, expands, and works against the operation of the piston and valves.<br /><br /><b>GAS WELL</b> - a well that primarily produces gas. Legal definitions vary among the states.<br /><br /><b>GEL </b>- a semisolid, jellylike state assumed by some colloidal dispersions at rest.<br /><br /><b>GEOLOGIST </b>- a scientist who gathers and interprets data pertaining to the formations of the earth’s crust.<br /><br /><b>GO IN THE HOLE</b> - to lower the drill stem, the tubing, the casing, or the sucker rods into the wellbore.<br /><br /><b>GONE TO WATER</b> - pertaining to a well in which production of oil has decreased and production of water has increased (for example, “the well has gone to water”).<br /><br /><b>GOOSENECT </b>- the curved connection between the rotary hose and the swivel.<br /><br /><b>GRAVEL </b>- sand or glass beads of uniform size and roundness used in gravel packing.<br /><br /><b>GRAVEL PACKING </b>- a method of well completion in which a slotted or perforated liner, often wire-wrapped, is placed in the well and surrounded by gravel. If open hole, the well is sometimes enlarged by underreaming at the point where the gravel is packed. The mass of gravel excludes sand from the wellbore but allows continued production.<br /><br /><b>GUIDE SHOE</b> - 1. a short, heavy, cylindrical section of steel filled with concrete and rounded at the bottom, which is placed at the end of the casing string. It prevents the casing from snagging on irregularities in the borehole as it is lowered.<br /><br /><b>GUY LINE ANCHOR</b> - a buried weight or anchor to which a guy line is attached.<br /><br /><b>GUY WIRE</b> - a rope or cable used to steady a mast or pole.</span></span></div></div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-71189303533277894682012-01-05T09:05:00.000+08:002012-01-05T09:06:20.888+08:00Process Engineering Term - C & D<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-c.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; ">Process Engineering Term - C</a></h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2625323831267155975" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>CARRIED WORKING INTEREST</b> - A fractional interest in an oil and gas property conveyed or assigned to another party by the operator or owner of the working interest. In its simplest form, a carried working interest is exempt from all costs of development and operation of the property. However, the carried interest may specify “to casing point”, “to setting of tanks”, or “through well completion”. If the arrangement specifies through well completion, then the carried interest may assume the equivalent fractional interest of operating costs upon completion of the well. There are many different types of carried interests, the details varying considerably from arrangement to arrangement. One authority has observed, “The numerous forms this interest is given from time to time make it apparent the term ‘carried interest’ does not define any specific form of agreement but serves only as a guide in preparing and interpreting instruments”.<br /><br /><b>CASING </b>- Steel pipe used in oil wells to seal off fluids in the rocks from the bore hole and to prevent the walls of the hole from caving.<br /><br /><b>CASINGHEAD </b>- The top of the casing set in a well; the part of the casing that protrudes above the surface and to which the control valves and flow pipes are attached.</span><br style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-12-10T12:58:00%2B08:00&max-results=5" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>CASINGHEAD GAS</b> - Gas produced from an oil well as distinguished from gas from a gas well. The casinghead gas is taken off at the top of the well or at the separator.<br /><br /><b>CASING POINT</b> - A term that designates a time when a decision must be made whether casing is to be run and set or the well abandoned and plugged. In a joint operating agreement, casing point refers to the time when a well has been drilled to objective depth, tests made, and the operator notifies the drilling parties of his recommendation with respect to setting casing and a production string and completing the well. On a marginal well, the decision to set pipe is often difficult. To case a well often costs as much as the drilling. On a very good well there is no hesitation; the operators are glad to run casing and complete the well.<br /><br /><b>CEMENT</b> - (1) To fix the casing firmly in the hole with cement, which is pumped through the drillpipe to the bottom of the casing and up into the annular space between the casing and the walls of the well bore. After the cement sets (hardens), it is drilled out of the casing. The casing is then perforated to allow oil and gas to enter the well. (2) Sedimentary. Mineral material, usually precipitated chemically, that fills the spaces between individual grains of a consolidated (hard) sedimentary rock; the binding material that holds the grains together. The most common binders are silica, carbonates, and certain iron oxides. Other cements are clay minerals, barite, gypsum, anhydrite, and pyrite.<br /><br /><b>CHOKE </b>- A type of orifice installed at the surface on the tubing string to adjust and control the amount of oil or gas flowing from a well. It is customary to refer to the production of a well as so many barrels or thousands of cubic feet through a 1/4-inch or 1/2-inch choke, or whatever the size of the opening. The flowing pressure exerted by the well's production give an indication of the strength of the well, and is helpful in determining whether a well is commercial<br /><br /><b>CHRISTMAS TREE</b> - (1) An assembly of valves mounted on the casinghead through which a well is produced. The Christmas tree also contains valves for testing the well and for shutting it in if necessary. (2) A subsea production system similar to a conventional land tree except it is assembled complete for remote installation on the seafloor with or without diver assistance. The marine tree is installed from the drilling platform; it is lowered into position on guide cables anchored to foundation legs implanted in the ocean floor. The tree is then latched mechanically or hydraulically to the casinghead by remote control.<br /><br /><b>COMMERCIAL WELL</b> - A well of sufficient net production that it could be expected to pay out in a reasonable time and yield a profit from the operation. A shallow 50-barrel-a-day well in a readily accessible location onshore could be a commercial well. Such a well in virtually any offshore area where enormously expensive producing facilities and pipe lines would have to be constructed would not be considered commercial.<br /><br /><b>COMPLETED WELL</b> - A well that has been mechanically completed for production or service use. There may be more than one completed zone in the well. (See Active well.)<br /><br /><b>COMPLETION </b>- To finish a well so that it is ready to produce oil or gas. After reaching total depth (T.D.), casing is run and cemented; casing is perforated opposite the producing zone, tubing is run, and control and flow valves are installed at the wellhead. Well completions vary according to the kind of well, depth, and the formation from which the well is to produce.<br /><br /><b>COMPLETION FUNDS</b> - Completion funds are formed to invest in well completions, to finance the completing and equipping of a potentially productive well. After a well is drilled into a productive formation, there remain the costs of setting pipe, (casing the well); perforating, testing, acidizing, or fracturing the formation; and running production tubing and installing pumping equipment, separators, stock tanks, etc. The operator who drills the well may not have the financial resources to complete the well, so he may sell part or all of his interests to a completion fund. Completion funds are not as risky an investment as drilling funds, but are less certain than income funds and royalty funds.<br /><br /><b>CONCESSION </b>- Usually used in foreign operations and refers to a large block of acreage granted to the operator by the host government for a certain time and under certain government conditions which allows the operator to conduct exploratory and/or development operations. The Concession Agreement assures the holder of certain rights under the law.<br /><br /><b>CONDENSATE </b>- A natural gas liquid with a low vapor pressure, compared with natural gasoline and liquified petroleum gas. It is produced from a deep well where the temperature and pressure are high. Gas condenses as it rises up the wellbore and reaches the surface as condensate. Similarly, condensate separates out naturally in pipelines or in a separation plant by the normal process of condensation.<br /><br /><b>CONTINENTAL MARGIN</b> - A zone separating the emergent continents from the deep sea bottoms.<br /><br /><b>CONTINENTAL SHELF</b> - A broad, gently sloping, shallow feature extending from the shore to the continental slope.<br /><br /><b>CONTINENTAL SLOPE</b> - A relatively steep, narrow feature paralleling the continental shelf; the region in which the steepest descent of the ocean bottom occurs.<br /><br /><b>CORE SAMPLE</b> - A solid column of rock, usually from 2 - 4 inches in diameter, taken from the bottom of a well bore as a sample of an underground formation. Cores are also taken in geological studies of an area to determine the oil and gas prospects.<br /><br /><b>CRUDE OIL </b>- Oil as it comes from the well; unrefined petroleum.</span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2625323831267155975" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><br /></span></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2625323831267155975" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-d.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; ">Process Engineering Term - D</a></h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1975823123529940789" style="width: 686px; position: relative; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>DEMONSTRATED RESERVES (API)</b> - A collective term for the sum of proved and indicated reserves. Proved reserves are estimated with reasonable certainty to be recovered under current economic conditions. Indicated reserves are economic reserves in known productive reservoirs in existing fields expected to respond to improved recovery techniques where (1) an improved technique has been installed but its effect cannot yet be fully evaluated, or (2) an improved technique has not been installed but knowledge of reservoir characteristics and the results of a known technique installed in a similar situation are available for use in the estimating procedure.<br /><br /><b>DEPOSIT </b>- An accumulation of oil or gas capable of being produced commercially.<br /><br /><b>DERRICK </b>- A wooden or steel structure built over a wellsite to provide support for drilling equipment and a tall mast for raising and lowering drillpipe and casing; a drilling rig.</span><br style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-12-10T12:58:00%2B08:00&max-results=5" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>DEVELOPMENT WELLS</b> - Wells drilled in an area already proved to be productive.<br /><br /><b>DIAPIR </b>- A mass of rock, usually salt, which has come from a slightly deeper part of the earth's surface by piercing through overlying layers of sediment through a zone of weakness.<br /><br /><b>DIRECTIONAL DRILLING</b> - The technique of drilling at an angle from the vertical by deflecting the drill bit. Directional wells are drilled to develop an offshore lease from one drilling platform; to reach a pay zone where drilling cannot be done, such as beneath a shipping lane.<br /><br /><b>DISCOVERY WELL</b> - An exploratory well that encounters a new and previously untapped petroleum deposit; a successful wildcat well. A discovery well may also open a new horizon in an established field.<br /><br /><b>DOME</b> - A roughly symmetrical upfold of the layers of rock in which the beds dip in all directions more or less equally from a common point; any deformation characterized by local uplift and approximately circular in outline; e.g. the salt domes of Louisiana and Texas.<br /><br /><b>DOWNHOLE</b> - A term to describe tools, equipment, and instruments used in the well bore; also conditions or techniques applying to the well bore.<br /><br /><b>DRILL CUTTINGS</b> - Chips and small fragments of drilled rock that are brought to the surface by the flow of the drilling mud as it is circulated.</span></span><br /><div style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><br /><b>DRILL PIPE</b> - Heavy, thich walled, hollow steel pipe used in rotary drilling to turn the drill bit and to provide a conduit for the drilling mud.<br /><br /><b>DRILLING CONTRACTOR</b> - A person or company whose business is drilling wells. Wells are drilled on several contract specifications: per foot, day rate, or turnkey (that is, upon completion). Most major oil companies do not own drilling rigs. Exploration and development drilling is contracted. Personnel manning the rigs work for the contractor.<br /><br /><b>DRILLING MUD</b> - A special mixture of clay, water, or refined oil, and chemical additives pumped downhole through the drill pipe and drill bit. The mud cools the rapidly rotating bit; lubricates the drill pipe as it turns in the well bore; carries rock cuttings to the surface; serves as a plaster to prevent the wall of the borehole from crumbling or collapsing; and provides the weight or hydrostatic head to prevent extraneous fluids from entering the well bore and to control downhole pressures that may be encountered.<br /><br /><b>DRY HOLE</b> - A well drilled to a certain depth without finding commercially exploitable hydrocarbons.<br /><br /><b>DRILLING PERMIT</b> - In states that regulate well spacing, a drilling permit is the authorization to drill at a specified location; a well permit.<br /><br /><b>DRY GAS</b> - A natural gas from the well free of liquid hydrocarbons; gas that has been treated to remove all liquids; pipeline gas.</span></div></div></div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-60596342534321801172012-01-03T23:23:00.000+08:002012-01-03T23:25:20.545+08:00Process Engineering Term - A & B<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term_10.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; ">Process Engineering Term - A</a></h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2131222707216094494" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 1.4; "><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>ABANDONED WELL</b> - A dry hole in which no producible oil or gas was present, or a well that has stopped producing. Abandoned wells must be plugged to prevent seepage of oil, gas, or water from one formation to another.<br /><br /><b>ABANDONED WELL</b> - A well no longer in use; a dry hole that, in most states, must be properly plugged.<br /><br /><b>ACIDIZING A WELL</b>- A technique for increasing the flow of oil from a well. Hydrochloric acid is pumped into the well under high pressure to reopen and enlarge the pores in the oil-bearing limestone formations.</span><br style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-12-10T12:58:00%2B08:00&max-results=5" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>ACID TREATMENT</b> - A refining process in which unfinished petroleum products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuels, and lubricating stocks are treated with sulfuric acid to improve color, odor, and other properties.<br /><br /><b>ACOUSTIC LOG</b> - A generic term for a well log that displays any of several measurements of acoustic waves in rocks exposed in a borehole, e.g., compressional-wave transmit time over an interval (sonic log) or relative amplitude (cement bond log).<br /><br /><b>ACTIVE WELL</b> - A well in mechanical condition for production or service use (i.e., in active production or service use).</span></span><div style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><br /><b>AMINE </b>- Organic base used in refining operations to absorb acidic gases (H2S, COS, CO2) occurring in process streams. Two common amines are monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA).<br /><br /><b>AMINE UNIT</b> - A natural gas treatment unit for removing contaminants (H2S, COS, CO2) by the use of amines. Amine units are often skid-mounted so they can be moved to the site of new gas production. Gas containing H2S and other impurities must be cleaned up before it is acceptable to gas transmission pipelines.<br /><br /><b>ANTICLINE </b>- An upfold or arch of stratified rock in which the beds or layers bend downward in opposite directions form the crest or axis of the fold.<br /><br /><b>API </b>- The American Petroleum Institute is the oil industry's trade organization. API's research and engineering work provides a basis for establishing operating and safety standard issues; specifications for the manufacturing of oil field equipment; and furnishes statistical and other information to related agencies.<br /><br /><b>APPRAISAL DRILLING</b> - Wells drilled in the vicinity of a discovery or wildcat well in order to evaluate the extent and the importance of the find.<br /><br /><b>AREA OF INTEREST</b> - The area immediately surrounding a successful well in which the investors (in the good well) have an implied right to participate in any future wells drilled by the same operator.<br /><br /><b>ARTIFICIAL LIFT</b> - Pumping an oil well with a rod, tubing, or bottom-hole centrifugal pump may be termed artificially lifting crude oil to the surface or doing so by mechanical means.<br /><br /><b>ASSIGNMENT</b> - In oil and gas usage, assignment is a transfer of a property or an interest in an oil or gas property; most commonly, the transfer of an oil or gas lease. The assignor does the transferring and the assignee receives the interest of property.<br /><br /><b>ASSOCIATED GAS</b> - Gas that occurs with oil, either as free gas or in solution. Gas occurring alone in a reservoir is unassociated gas. Gas combined with oil. Known also as gas cap gas and solution gas, it provides the drive mechanism needed to force oil to the surface of a well. Associated gas is normally present in an oil reservoir in the early stages of production.<br /><br /><b>ATTIC OIL</b> - An unscientific, but descriptive term for the oil above the borehole in horizontal wells; oil in the top few feet of a productive interval which will gravitate or be pressured into the horizontal drain hole.<br /><br /><b>AUSTRALIAN OFFSET</b> - A humorous reference to a well drilled miles away from proven production.</span></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2131222707216094494" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 1.4; "><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/2011/12/process-engineering-term-b.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font: normal normal bold 25px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; ">Process Engineering Term - B</a></h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6271220738310363805" style="width: 686px; position: relative; line-height: 18px; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>BACK-IN-PROVISION</b> - A term used to describe a provision in a farmout agreement whereby the person granting the farmout (the farmor) has the option to exchange a retained override for a share of the working interest.<br /><br /><b>BARREL </b>- The standard unit of measure of liquids in the petroleum industry; it contains 42 U.S. standard gallons.<br /><br /><b>BARREL of Oil EQUIVALENT (BOE)</b> - The amount of energy resource (in this document, natural gas) that is equal to one barrel of oil on an energy basis. The conversion is based on the assumption that one barrel of oil produces the same amount of energy when burned as 5,620 cubic feet of natural gas.</span><br style="background-color: white; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b></b></span><br style="background-color: white; "><a href="http://process-oil-gas.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-12-10T12:58:00%2B08:00&max-results=5" name="more" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; "><b>BASIN </b>- A depression of the earth's surface into which sediments are deposited, usually characterized by sediment accumulation over a long interval; a broad area of the earth beneath which layers of rock are inclined, usually from the sides toward the center.<br /><br /><b>BASKET PRICE</b> - The blanket or average price of crude oil on the world market. For example, the basket price of $18.00/bbl. could mean average price of average gravity. Lower-gravity crude with high-transit cost would bring less than $18.00, and conversely, higher gravity crude with low sulfur and close to market would be a premium - a basket of crude oils of differing gravities, sulfur content, sweet and sour.<br /><br /><b>BATTERY </b>- Two or more tanks connected together to receive oil production on a lease; tank battery.<br /><br /><b>BED </b>- A layer of rock, usually sediments, which is homogeneous (the same) in composition. One bed is separated from another by a bedding plane.<br /><br /><b>BEHIND THE PIPE</b> - Refers to oil and gas reservoirs penetrated or passed through by wells, but never tapped or produced. Behind the pipe usually refers to tight formations of low permeability that, although recognized, were passed through because they were uneconomical to produce at the time. Today, however, with the growing scarcity of oil and high prices, many of these passed-through formations are getting a second look by producers.<br /><br /><b>B.H.T.</b> - Bottom-hole temperature. In deep wells, 15,000 feet and deeper, bottom-hole temperatures are above the boiling point of water, ranging up to 400 degrees Fahrenheit. At these depths and temperatures, water-base drilling muds can not be used, only oil-based.<br /><br /><b>BID </b>- An offer for an OCS lease submitted by a potential lessee in the form of a cash bonus dollar amount or other commitments as specified in the final notice of sale.<br /><br /><b>BIOGENESIS </b>- Formed by the presence or the actions of living organisms, for example, coral reefs and atolls. Biogenesis is also the theory that all life is derived from previously living organisms.<br /><br /><b>BIT, ROTARY</b> - The tool attached to the lower end of the drillpipe; a heavy steel head equipped with various types of cutting or grinding teeth. Some are fixed; some turn on bearings. A hole in the bottom of the drill permits the flow of drilling mud being pumped down through the drillpipe to wash the cuttings to the surface and also cool and lubricate the bit.<br /><br /><b>BIT, SPUDDING</b> - A bit used to start the borehole; a bit that is some variation of the fishtail or drag bit, one used in soft, unconsolidated, near-surface material.<br /><br /><b>BLINDPOOL </b>- Money put into a drilling fund that is held by the fund managers until likely prospects for drilling are found or come along. The rationale for the blind fund is that with ready money, the fund managers can act quickly when good opportunities for investment arise. Blind fund money usually is kept in an interest-bearing account while waiting for a hot prospect.<br /><br /><b>BLOCK </b>- A numbered area on an OCS leasing map or official protraction diagram (OPD). Blocks are portions of OCS leasing maps and OPD's that are themselves portions of planning areas. Blocks vary in size, but typical ones are 5,000 to 5,760 acres (about 9 square miles or 2,304 hectares). Each block has a specific identifying number, area, and latitude and longitude coordinates that can be pinpointed on a leasing map of OPD.<br /><br /><b>BLOWING A WELL</b> - Opening a well to let it blow for a short period to free the well tubing or casing of accumulations of water, sand, or other deposits.<br /><br /><b>BLOWOUT </b>- Out-of-control gas and/or oil pressure erupting from a well being drilled; a dangerous, uncontrolled eruption of gas and oil from a well; a wild well.<br /><br /><b>BLOWOUT PREVENTER</b> - A stack or an assembly of heavy-duty valves attached to the top of the casing to control well pressure; a “Christmas tree”.<br /><br /><b>BONUS </b>- Usually, the bonus is the money paid by the lessee for the execution of an oil and gas lease by the landowner. Another form is called an oil or royalty bonus. This may be in the form of an overriding royalty reserved to the landowner in addition to the usual one-eighth royalty.<br /><br /><b>BOREHOLE </b>- The hole in the earth made by the drill; the uncased drill hole from the surface to the bottom of the well.<br /><br /><b>B.P.M.</b> - Barrels per minute. The pumping rate of small rotary pumps.<br /><br /><b>BRIDGE PLUG</b> - An expandable plug used in a well’s casing to isolate producing zones or to plug back to produce from a shallower formation; also to isolate a section of the borehole to be filled with cement when a well is plugged.<br /><br /><b>BUTANE </b>- A hydrocarbon fraction; at ordinary atmospheric conditions, butane is a gas but it is easily liquefied; one of the most useful L.P.-gases; widely used household fuel.<br /><br /><b>BUTANE SPLITTER</b> - A type of fractionator vessel at a gas reformer plant that produces commercial propane as well as normal and isobutanes. Splitters are fired with natural gas to provide heat for the distillation.</span></span></div></div>Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-43213488722926324382011-11-22T12:46:00.001+08:002011-11-22T12:46:42.408+08:00Respon Terhadap Laporan Mingguan Malaysia Pada 20 November 2011<div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_quote"><div style="background-color:#fff"><div><div><div><div style="color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-family:times new roman,new york,times,serif;font-size:14pt"><div><font face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif"><span>Respon Terhadap Laporan Mingguan Malaysia Pada 20 November 2011</span><br style="text-align:left"> <br style="text-align:left"><span style="text-align:left"><b><font size="5">"Air Kelantan Terkotor?"</font></b></span><br style="text-align:left"><br><img><br><br><br><span>Saya telah ditanya pagi tadi selepas Mesyuarat Koridor Ekonomi Wilayah Timur (ECER) pagi tadi berkenaan laporan muka hadapan Mingguan Malaysia pada 20 November 2011 yang membawa tajuk "Air Kelantan Terkotor?". Saya pada mulanya beranggapan tidak perlu untuk memberikan respon terhadap laporan akhbar Utusa</span><span style="text-align:left">n Malaysia (Keluaran hari Ahad : Mingguan Malaysia) yang sudah diketahui umum sebagai akhbar yang tidak bertanggungjawab terhadap fakta dan seringkali melanggar etika kewartawanan. Saya kira masih ramai yang belum lupa bagaimana Utusan Malaysia pernah memainkan isu "Kristian Agama Rasmi Negara" satu ketika dahulu yang terbukti kemudiannya sebagai satu pembohongan semata-mata. <br> <br>Namun, dibimbangi isu yang dimainkan ini menimbulkan polemik yang berpanjangan, saya telah mengarahkan Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Perumahan, Kerja Raya, Utiliti dan Alam Sekitar Negeri Kelantan Dato' Mejar ( B ) Md Anizam Abd Rahman untuk memberikan kenyataan menjelaskan perkara yang sebenar. Bagaimanapun, sebagai respon awal sebelum kenyataan lanjut dikeluarkan, saya ingin menarik perhatian terhadap beberapa fakta sebenar yang disorok dari pengetahuan umum oleh Utusan Malaysia.<br><br>Pertamanya, sukalah saya merujuk kepada surat yang dihantar oleh Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) kepada Pengurus Besar Air Kelantan Sdn. Bhd (AKSB) yang bertarikh 30 Oktober 2011 yang memaklumkan prestasi kurang memuaskan beberapa buah negeri seperti yang termaktub di dalam Laporan Pencapaian Pematuhan Kualiti Air Terawat Bagi Parameter QAP Seluruh Negara bagi tempoh Januari hingga Julai dan Januari hingga Ogos 2011 yang disediakan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia Putrajaya.<br> <br>Negeri-negeri yang menunjukkan prestasi kurang memuaskan itu ialah Kelantan, Pahang, Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan, Perak dan Perlis. Berdasarkan lampiran yang diberikan, kandungan E-Coli yang terdapat di dalam air terawat yang dibekalkan oleh AKSB dinilai sebanyak 0.88%. Ia lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan negeri Pahang (1.12%), Perak (0.90%), Perlis (1.21%) dan Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan (1.01%). Saya sedia maklum bahawa tahap yang dianggap tidak memuaskan ialah jika melebihi 4%, namun untuk dikatakan kandungan air terawatt di Kelantan sebagai yang tertinggi E-Coli ialah satu tuduhan rambang yang berniat jahat.<br> <br>Saya juga ingin melahirkan rasa hairan terhadap data yang dikemuakan oleh Utusan Malaysia yang dikatakan dirujuk kepada Panduan Industri Air Malaysia 2011 sedangkan data rasmi Panduan Industri Air Malaysia 2011 masih belum dikeluarkan dan hanya akan dikeluarkan kebiasaannya pada pertengahan tahun berikutnya iaitu sekitar bulan Jun 2011. Dari manakah Utusan Malaysia memperolehi maklumat yang masih belum dikeluarkan ini?<br> <br>Hakikatnya apa yang disebut oleh Utusan Malaysia ini hanyalah satu lagi pembohongan yang jelas untuk memburuk-burukkan kerajaan negeri Kelantan. Jelas sekali, laporan ini tidak lain hanyalah merupakan satu usaha untuk menggunakan air Kelantan membersihkan najis lembu yang bernilai RM250 juta.<br><br>Nasihat saya, bertaqwalah kepada Allah SWT kerana apa yang ditulis akan disoal olehNya di akhirat kelak. Janganlah sampai fitnah yang ditabur ini menggerakkan tangan orang-orang yang dizalimi untuk melafazkan doa ke atas penabur-penabur fitnah. Ini kerana, doa orang yang dizalimi tidak akan ditolak oleh Allah SWT. <br> <br>Sekian, terima kasih.<br>Yang Amat Berhormat Dato Bentara Setia Menteri Besar Kelantan.<br>Bertarikh : 25 Zulhijjah 1432H bersamaan 21 November 2011</span></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-35440531231160361112011-10-31T19:10:00.001+08:002011-10-31T19:10:22.808+08:00TIPS MENANGANI ANAK-ANAK<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>1) Jangan pukul anak dari lutut keatas</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>2) Jangan gunakan tangan/anggota tubuh kita utk memukul anak dengan tangan dan jangan sesekali menampar anak pakai tangan kita. nanti anak jadi bertambah degil dan nakal dan tak boleh control</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>3) Rotan/pukul anak di telapak kakinya . Secara saintifiknya ada kaitan dengan refleksologi dan merangsang ke bahagian otak </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>Sabda Rasulullah s.a.w. "Berguraulah dengan anak kamu kala usianya satu hingga tujuh tahun. Berseronok dengan mereka, bergurau hingga naik atas belakang pun tak apa. Jika suka geletek, kejar atau usik anak asalkan hubungan rapat. Lepas tujuh hingga 14 tahun kita didik dan ajar, kalau salah pukullah dia (sebagai pengajaran)" dimana yang nak dipukul tu? Tapak kakinya ... bukan muka, punggung, telinga dan ditempat-tempat yang sensitif... itu salah...</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>4). Mulakanlah hidup anak anda dengan nama panggilan yang baik. Nama panggilan yang kurang baik akan menyebabkan anak anda malu dan merasa rendah diri. (Dalam Islam sendiri nama panggilan yang baik adalah digalakkan).</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>5). Berikan anak anda pelukkan setiap hari (Kajian menunjukkan anak yang dipeluk setiap hari akan mempunyai kekuatan IQ yg lebih kuat daripada anak yang jarang dipeluk) </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>6). Pandanglah anak anda dengan pandangan kasih sayang (Pandangan ini akan membuatkan anak anda lebih yakin diri apabila berhadapan dengan persekitaran) </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>7). Berikan peneguhan setiap kali anak anda berbuat kebaikan (Berilah pujian, pelukkan, ciuman, hadiah ataupun sekurang-kurangnya senyuman untuk setiap kebaikan yang dilakukannya).</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>8). Janganlah mengharapkan anak anda yang belum matang itu melakukan sesuatu perbuatan baik secara berterusan, mereka hanya kanak-kanak yang sedang berkembang. Perkembangan mereka buatkan mereka ingin mengalami setiap perkaratermasuklah berbuat silap.</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>9). Apabila anda berhadapan dengan masalah kerja dan keluarga,pilihlah keluarga (Seorang penulis menyatakan anak-anak terus membesar. Masa itu terus berlalu dan tak akan kembali).</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>10). Di dalam membesarkan dan mendidik anak-anak, janganlah tuan/puan mengeluh. Keluhan akan membuatkan anak-anak merasakan diri mereka beban.</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>11). Dengarlah cerita anak anda, cerita itu tak akan dapat anda dengari lagi pada masa akan datang. Tunggu giliran anda untuk bercakap (Ini akan mengajar anak anda tentang giliran untuk bercakap)</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>12). Tenangkan anak anda setiap kali mereka memerlukannya.</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>13). Tunjukkan kepada anak anda bagaimana cara untuk menenangkan diri. Mereka akan menirunya.</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>14). Buatkan sedikit persediaan untuk anak-anak menyambut harijadinya. Sediakanlah hadiah harijadi yang unik walaupun harganya murah. Keunikan akan membuatkan anak anda belajar menghargai. (Anak2 yg dtg daripada persekitaran yang menghargai akan belajar menghargai orang lain).</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>15). Kemungkinan anak kita menerima pengajaran bukan pada kali pertama belajar. Mereka mungkin memerlukan kita mengajar mereka lebih daripada sekali.</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>16). Luangkanlah masa bersama anak anda diluar rumah, peganglah tangan anak-anak apabila anda berjalan dengan mereka. Mereka tentu akan merasa kepentingan kehadiran mereka dalam kehidupan anda suami isteri. </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>17). Dengarlah mimpi ngeri anak-anak anda. Mimpi ngeri mereka adalah begitu real dalam dunia mereka. </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>18). Hargailah permainan kesayangan anak anda. Mereka juga dalam masa yang sama akan menghargai barang-barang kesayangan anda. Elakkan daripada membuang barang kesayangan mereka walaupun sudah rosak. Mintalah kebenaran mereka sebelum berbuat demikian.</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>19). Janganlah membiarkan anak-anak anda tidur tanpa ciuman selamat malam,</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>20). Terimalah yang kadangkala anda bukanlah ibubapa yang sempurna. Ini akan mengurangkan stress menjadi ibu bapa. </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>21). Jangan selalu membawa bebanan kerja pejabat ke rumah. Anak-anak akan belajar bahawa kerja pejabat selalunya lebih penting daripada keluarga.</b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b> </b></font></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif"><b>22). Anak menangis untuk melegakan keresahan mereka tetapi kadangkala cuma untuk sound effect sahaja. Bagaimanapun dengarilah mereka, dua puluh tahun dari sekarang anda pula yang akan menangis apabila rumah mula terasa sunyi. Anak-anak anda mula sibuk mendengar tangisan anak mereka sendiri. </b></font></p> Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-766005320157524756.post-65269903792615789722011-08-07T03:01:00.001+08:002011-08-07T03:01:03.660+08:00RAHSIA SOLAT DI AWAL WAKTU & ALAM SEMESTA..<div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_quote"><div vlink="black" link="black" bgcolor="white" lang="EN-US"><div dir="ltr"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px; ">Setiap peralihan waktu solat sebenarnya menunjukkan perubahan tenaga alam ini yang boleh diukur dan dicerap melalui perubahan warna alam. Fenomena perubahan warna alam adalah sesuatu yang tidak asing bagi mereka yang terlibat dalam bidang fotografi. </span></div> <div dir="ltr"><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> <b><br>Pada <i><u>waktu Subuh</u></i></b> alam berada dalam </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(51, 102, 255)">spektrum warna biru muda</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> yang bersamaan dengan frekuensi tiroid yang mempengaruhi sistem metabolisma tubuh. <br> Jadi warna biru muda atau waktu Subuh mempunyai rahsia berkaitan dengan </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(51, 102, 255)">penawar/rezeki dan komunikasi</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">. </span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Mereka yang kerap tertinggal waktu Subuhnya ataupun terlewat secara berulang-ulang kali, lama kelamaan akan menghadapi </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(51, 102, 255)">masalah komunikasi dan rezeki</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(51, 102, 255)">. <br> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"><br>Ini kerana tenaga alam iaitu biru muda tidak dapat diserap oleh tiroid yang mesti berlaku dalam keadaan roh dan jasad bercantum (keserentakan ruang dan masa) - dalam erti kata l ain jaga daripada tidur. Disini juga dapat kita cungkil akan rahsia diperintahkan solat diawal waktu.</span><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"><br> <br>Bermulanya saja azan Subuh, tenaga alam pada waktu itu berada pada tahap optimum. Tenaga inilah yang akan diserap oleh tubuh melalui <b>konsep resonan pada waktu rukuk dan sujud</b>. Jadi mereka yang terlewat Subuhnya sebenar sudah mendapat tenaga yang tidak optimum lagi. <b><br> <i><u><br>Waktu Zuhur</u></i></b> <br>Warna alam seterusnya berubah ke </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:green">spektrum warna hijau</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> (isyraq & dhuha) dan kemudian </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 204, 0)">spektrum warna kuning</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> menandakan masuknya waktu Zohor. Spektrum warna pada waktu ini bersamaan dengan </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 204, 0)">frekuensi perut dan hati yang berkaitan dengan sistem penghadaman</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 204, 0)">.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> Warna kuning ini mempunyai rahsia yang berkaitan dengan keceriaan. Jadi mereka yang selalu ketinggalan atau terlewat Zuhurnya berulang-ulang kali dalam hidupnya akan </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 204, 0)">menghadapi masalah di perut dan hilang sifat cerianya</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 153, 0)">.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> Orang yang tengah sakit perut ceria tak ? <b><br> <i><u><br>Waktu Asar</u></i></b> <br>Kemudian warna alam akan berubah kepada </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 153, 0)">spektrum warna oren</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">, iaitu masuknya waktu Asar di mana spektrum warna pada waktu ini bersamaan dengan frekuensi prostat, uterus, ovari dan testis yang merangkumi </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 153, 0)">sistem reproduktif</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">. Rahsia warna oren ialah <b>kreativiti</b>. Orang yang kerap tertinggal Asar akan hilang daya kreativitinya dan lebih malang lagi kalau di waktu Asar ni jasad dan roh seseorang ini terpisah (tidur la tu .). Dan jangan lupa, tenaga pada waktu Asar ni amat diperlukan oleh </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 153, 0)">organ-organ reproduktif kita</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> <br> <b><br><i><u><br>Waktu Maghrib</u></i></b> <b><br>Menjelang waktu Maghrib, alam berubah ke </b></span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:red">spektrum warna merah</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> dan di waktu ini kita kerap dinasihatkan oleh orang-orang tua agar tidak berada di luar rumah. Ini kerana spektrum warna pada waktu ini menghampiri </span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:red">frekuensi jin dan iblis (infra-red)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> dan ini bermakna jin dan iblis pada waktu ini amat bertenaga kerana mereka resonan dengan alam. Mereka yang sedang dalam perjalanan juga seelok-eloknya berhenti dahulu pada waktu ini (solat Maghrib dulu la .) kerana banyak interferens (pembelauan) berlaku pada waktu ini yang boleh mengelirukan mata kita. </span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:red">Rahsia waktu Maghrib atau warna merah ialah keyakinan, pada frekuensi otot, saraf dan tulang.</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:red"> </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"><br> <i><u><br>Waktu Isyak</u></i></span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> <br>Apabila masuk waktu Isyak, alam berubah ke </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(204, 0, 255)">spektrum warna Indigo</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> dan seterusnya memasuki fasa Kegelapan. Waktu Isyak ini menyimpan </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(204, 0, 255)">rahsia ketenteraman dan kedamaian di mana frekuensinya bersamaan dengan sistem kawalan otak</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(204, 0, 255)">.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> Mereka yang kerap ketinggalan Isyaknya akan selalu </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(204, 0, 255)">berada dalam kegelisahan</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(204, 0, 255)">.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> Alam sekarang berada dalam Kegelapan dan sebetulnya, inilah waktu tidur dalam Islam. Tidur pada waktu ini dipanggil tidur delta dimana keseluruhan sistem tubuh berada dalam kerehatan. <b><br> <i><u><br>Selepas tengah malam</u></i></b>, alam mula bersinar kembali dengan </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(153, 153, 153)">spektrum warna putih,</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 153, 204)">spektrum merah jambu</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> dan seterusnya </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:fuchsia">spektrum ungu</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> di mana ianya bersamaan dengan </span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(255, 153, 204)">frekuensi kelenjar pineal, pituitari, talamus dan hipotalamus.</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black"> Tubuh sepatutnya bangkit kembali pada waktu ini dan dalam Islam waktu ini dipanggil Qiamullail. <br> Begitulah secara ringkas perkaitan waktu solat dengan warna alam. Manusia kini sememangnya telah sedar akan kepentingan tenaga alam ini dan inilah faktor adanya bermacam-macam kaedah meditasi yang dicipta seperti taichi, qi-gong dan sebag ain ya. Semuanya dicipta untuk menyerap tenaga-tenaga alam ke sistem tubuh. <br> <br>Kita sebagai umat Islam sepatutnya </span><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:rgb(153, 204, 0)">bersyukur kerana telah di'kurniakan' syariat solat oleh Allah </span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">s.</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">w.t tanpa perlu kita memikirkan bagaimana hendak menyerap tenaga alam ini. Hakikat ini seharusnya menginsafkan kita bahawa Allah s.w.t mewajibkan solat ke atas hambanya atas sifat pengasih dan penyayang-Nya sebagai pencipta kerana Dia tahu hamba-Nya ini amat-amat memerlukannya. Adalah amat malang sekali bagi kumpulan manusia yang amat cuai dalam menjaga solatnya tapi amat berdisiplin dalam menghadiri kelas taichinya.</span></p> </div></div></div></div></div></div> Firdaus Azizhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10781987584931680886noreply@blogger.com0